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Table 2 MSGARCH conditional distributions

From: Using GAM functions and Markov-Switching models in an evaluation framework to assess countries’ performance in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic

Distribution

Equation

Label

Normal

\(fN(\eta) = \frac {1}{\sqrt {2\pi }}\exp \left (-\frac {\eta ^{2}}{2}\right)\)

“norm”

Student-t

\(fS(\eta ;\nu) = \frac {\Gamma \left (\frac {\eta + 1}{2} \right)}{\sqrt {\left (\nu -2\right)\pi }\Gamma \left (\frac {\nu }{2}\right)} \left (1 + \frac {\eta ^{2}}{\left (\nu -2\right)}\right)^{-\frac {\nu +1}{2}} \)

“std”

GED

\(f_{GED}(\eta ;\nu) \equiv \frac {\nu \exp \left (-\frac {\left |\eta /\lambda \right |^{\nu }}{2} \right)}{\lambda 2^{\left (1+1/\nu \right)}\Gamma (1/\nu)}, \lambda \equiv \left (\frac {\Gamma (1/\nu)}{4^{1/\nu }\Gamma (3/\nu)} \right)^{1/2} \)

“ged”

Skewed Normal

See Trottier and Ardia [44], equation 1

“snorm”

Skewed Student-t

See Trottier and Ardia [44], equation 1

“sstd”

Skewed GED

See Trottier and Ardia [44], equation 1

“sged”