Table 3 Characteristics of the study participants in the household survey and their association with the vaccination status of children among communities experiencing disadvantage in Vellore, southern India (N = 100)
Characteristic | Categories | N (%) | Fully vaccinated, n (%) | Under vaccinated, n (%) | p-value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Socio-demographic | |||||
Child’s gender | Male | 53 (53.0) | 35 (66.0) | 18 (34.0) | 0.805 |
Female | 47 (47.0) | 30 (63.8) | 17 (36.2) | ||
Place of birth | Public facility | 78 (78.0) | 52 (66.7) | 26 (33.3) | 0.198† |
Private facility | 12 (12.0) | 9 (75.0) | 3 (25.0) | ||
Home | 10 (10.0) | 4 (40.0) | 6 (60.0) | ||
Mother’s education | No formal education | 46 (46.0) | 23 (50.0) | 23 (50.0) | 0.029 |
Primary school or higher | 54 (54.0) | 42 (77.8) | 12 (22.2) | ||
Father’s education | No formal education | 39 (39.0) | 20 (51.3) | 19 (48.7) | 0.097 |
Primary school or higher | 61 (61.0) | 45 (73.8) | 16 (26.2) | ||
Mother’s occupation | Homemaker | 51 (51.0) | 43 (84.3) | 8 (15.7) | < 0.001 |
Wage earner | 17 (17.0) | 10 (58.8) | 7 (41.2) | ||
Salary earner/small business owners | 32 (32.0) | 12 (37.5) | 20 (62.5) | ||
Father’s occupation | Unemployed/wage earnera | 62 (60.0) | 47 (76.7) | 15 (23.3) | 0.005 |
Salary earner/small business owners | 38 (38.0) | 18 (47.4) | 20 (52.6) | ||
Religion | Hindu | 83 (83.0) | 57 (68.7) | 26 (31.3) | 0.130 |
Others | 17 (17.0) | 8 (47.1) | 9 (52.9) | ||
Community type | Narikuravar | 53 (53.0) | 27 (50.9) | 26 (49.1) | 0.022 |
Other communitiesb | 47 (47.0) | 38 (80.9) | 9 (19.1) | ||
Type of dwelling | Mud/semi-cemented | 45 (45.0) | 28 (62.2) | 17 (37.8) | 0.503 |
Cemented | 55 (55.0) | 37 (67.3) | 18 (32.7) | ||
Vaccination card | Not available | 49 (49.0) | 26 (53.1) | 23 (46.9) | 0.006 |
Yes | 51 (51.0) | 39 (76.5) | 12 (23.5) | ||
Non-socio-demographic | |||||
Mode of travel to immunization facility (proxy for distance to facility) | Walking | 54 (54.0) | 32 (59.3) | 22 (40.7) | 0.200 |
Private or public transport | 46 (46.0) | 33 (71.7) | 13 (28.3) | ||
I think immunization is important to keep my child healthy | Not agree (N) | 5 (5.0) | 1 (20.0) | 4 (80.0) | 0.075† |
Agree (SA,A)c | 95 (95.0) | 64 (67.4) | 31 (32.6) | ||
I am familiar with the recommended immunization schedule for children | Not agree (N,DA, SDA) | 44 (44.0) | 22 (50.0) | 22 (50.0) | 0.035 |
Agree (SA,A) | 56 (56.0) | 43 (76.8) | 13 (23.2) | ||
Reported hesitancy about one or more childhood vaccines | Hesitant (N,SH,VH) | 22 (22.0) | 14 (63.6) | 8 (36.4) | 0.869 |
Not hesitant (NH,NTH)d | 78 (78.0) | 51 (65.4) | 27 (34.6) | ||
Received information about the recommended immunization schedule during antenatal visits | No or not sure | 9 (9.0) | 2 (22.2) | 7 (77.8) | 0.007 |
Yes | 91 (91.0) | 63 (69.2) | 28 (30.8) | ||
Incentive for receiving three doses of pentavalent vaccine | No or not sure | 51 (51.0) | 27 (52.9) | 24 (47.1) | 0.015 |
Yes | 49 (49.0) | 38 (77.6) | 11 (22.4) | ||