Intervention n = 558 | Control n = 561 | Overall n = 1119 | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender, n(%) | |||
Female | 390 (69.9) | 392 (69.9) | 782 (69.9) |
Male | 168 (30.1) | 169 (30.1) | 337 (30.1) |
aAge (years), n(%) | |||
< 55 years | 229 (41.0) | 236 (42.1) | 465 (41.6) |
≥ 55 years | 328 (58.8) | 324 (57.8) | 652 (58.3) |
Missing | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.2) |
Age (years) | |||
Mean (SD) | 56.8 (11.6) | 57.4 (11.1) | 57.1 (11.4) |
Range | 24.8 to 97.0 | 28.7 to 89.6 | 24.8 to 97.0 |
Missing | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Site, n(%) | |||
Cape Town, SA | 276 (49.5) | 292 (52.1) | 568 (50.8) |
Lilongwe, Malawi | 282 (50.5) | 269 (48.0) | 551 (49.2) |
aDuration of diabetes (years), n(%) | |||
< 7 years | 333 (59.7) | 332 (59.2) | 665 (59.4) |
≥ 7 years | 224 (40.1) | 228 (40.6) | 452 (40.4) |
Missing | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.2) |
Duration of diabetes (years) | |||
Median | 5.0 | 5.2 | 5 |
IQR | 2.5 to 10 | 3 to 10.0 | 2.8 to 10 |
Missing | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Years in school/education | |||
Mean (SD) | 9.0 (3.9) | 9.1 (4.2) | 9,0 (4.0) |
Missing | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Currently smoke, n(%) | |||
Yes | 68 (12.2) | 72 (12.8) | 140 (12.5) |
No | 489 (87.6) | 488 (87.0) | 977 (87.3) |
Missing | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.2) |
Currently use smokeless tobacco, n(%) | |||
Yes | 22 (3.9) | 21 (3.7) | 43 (3.8) |
No | 535 (95.9) | 539 (96.1) | 1074 (96.0) |
Missing | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.2) |
Tobacco Frequency, n(%) | |||
Less than once a week | 546 (97.9) | 544 (97.0) | 1090 (97.4) |
Twice a week | 0 | 2 (0.4) | 2 (0.2) |
3 to 5 times a week | 0 | 2 (0.4) | 2 (0.2) |
Every or almost every day | 7 (1.3) | 9 (1.6) | 16 (1.4) |
More than once a day | 4 (0.7) | 3 (0.5) | 7 (0.6) |
Missing | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.2) |
Live with a smoker, n(%) | |||
Yes | 157 (28.1) | 154 (27.5) | 311 (27.8) |
No | 399 (71.5) | 402 (71.7) | 801 (71.2) |
Unsure | 1 (0.2) | 4 (0.7) | 5 (0.5) |
Missing | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.2) |
BP (mmHg) | |||
Systolic, Mean (SD) | 130.6 (20.4) | 131.7 (20.4) | 131.2 (20.4) |
Diastolic, Mean (SD) | 78.3 (10.9) | 79.0 (11.4) | 78.7 (11.1) |
Missing | 1 | 2 | 3 |
BMI (kg/m2) | |||
Mean (SD) | 30.6 (6.5) | 30.8 (7.4) | 30.7 (7.0) |
Missing | 8 | 12 | 20 |
HbA1c (%) | |||
Mean (SD) | 10.1 (3.4) | 10.2 (3.6) | 10.2 (3.5) |
Missing | 1 | 3 | 4 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | |||
Mean (SD) | 87.1 (36.8) | 88.4 (38.9) | 87.7 (37.8) |
Missing | 1 | 3 | 4 |
HDL Cholesterol (mmol/l) | |||
Mean (SD) | 1.2 (0.4) | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.3) |
Missing | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Total Cholesterol (mmol/l) | |||
Mean (SD) | 4.9 (1.3) | 4.9 (1.3) | 4.9 (1.3) |
Missing | 4 | 4 | 8 |
Ratio of HDL to Total Cholesterol | |||
Mean (SD) | 0.25 (0.09) | 0.25 (0.08) | 0.25 (0.08) |
Missing | 4 | 4 | 8 |
SMS Language, n(%) | |||
Chichewa | 252 (45.2) | 246 (43.9) | 498 (44.5) |
Isixhosa | 109 (19.5) | 108 (19.3) | 217 (19.4) |
English | 112 (20.1) | 120 (21.4) | 232 (20.7) |
Afrikaans | 84 (15.1) | 86 (15.3) | 170 (15.2) |
Missing | 1 (0.18) | 1 (0.18) | 2 (0.18) |
Current health, n(%) | |||
Poor | 44 (7.9) | 52 (9.3) | 96 (8.6) |
Fair | 163 (29.2) | 172 (30.7) | 335 (29.9) |
Good | 303 (54.3) | 291 (51.9) | 594 (53.1) |
Excellent | 47 (8.4) | 45 (8.0) | 92 (8.2) |
Missing | 1 (0.18) | 1 (0.18) | 2 (0.18) |
Medication use, n(%) | |||
Insulin | 91 (16.3) | 102 (18.2) | 193 (17.3) |
Statin | 216 (38.7) | 243 (43.3) | 459 (41.0) |
Metformin | 527 (94.4) | 528 (94.1) | 1055 (94.3) |
Sulfonylurea | 396 (71.0) | 378 (67.4) | 774 (69.2) |
Pioglitazone | 0 | 0 | 0 |
BP lowering medication | 394 (70.6) | 416 (74.2) | 810 (72.4) |
Missing | 1 (0.18) | 1 (0.18) | 2 (0.18) |
MARS-5b | |||
Mean (SD) | 22.7 (2.6) | 22.7 (2.8) | 22.7 (2.7) |
Missing | 1 | 1 | 2 |
EQ5D-3 L Index Value | |||
Mean (SD) | 0.78 (0.26) | 0.78 (0.27) | 0.78 (0.26) |
Missing | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Satisfaction with health care | |||
Mean (SD) | 4.2 (0.8) | 4.2 (0.8) | 4.2 (0.8) |
Missing | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Self-reported eating | |||
Mean (SD) | 11.8 (4.9) | 11.4 (5.0) | 11.6 (4.9) |
Missing | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Self-reported physical activity | |||
Mean (SD) | 7.4 (6.0) | 6.7 (5.8) | 7.0 (5.9) |
Missing | 1 | 1 | 2 |
10-year coronary heart disease risk (%) | |||
Median | 9.1 | 9.6 | 9.4 |
IQR | 4.4 to 19.4 | 4.8 to 19.3 | 4.7 to 19.3 |
Missing | 4 | 6 | 10 |
Number of glucose lowering medications prescribed | |||
Mean (SD) | 1.8 (0.5) | 1.8 (0.5) | 1.8 (0.5) |
Median (IQR) | 2 (2 to 2) | 2 (1 to 2) | 2 (2 to 2) |
Missing | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Number of blood pressure lowering medications prescribed | |||
Mean (SD) | 1.5 (1.2) | 1.5 (1.2) | 1.5 (1.2) |
Median (IQR) | 2 (0 to 2) | 2 (0 to 2) | 2 (0 to 2) |
Missing | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Number of cholesterol lowering medications prescribed | |||
Mean (SD) | 0.4 (0.5) | 0.4 (0.5) | 0.4 (0.5) |
Median (IQR) | 0 (0 to 1) | 0 (0 to 1) | 0 (0 to 1) |
Missing | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Comorbidities, n(%) | |||
Heart attack | 36 (6.5) | 28 (5.0) | 64 (5.7) |
Heart failure | 28 (5.0) | 20 (3.4) | 48 (4.3) |
TIA/mini stroke | 45 (8.1) | 41 (7.3) | 86 (7.7) |
Angina/chest pain | 50 (9.0) | 41 (7.3) | 91 (8.1) |
Peripheral vascular disease | 79 (14.2) | 65 (11.6) | 144 (12.9) |
Chronic kidney disease | 21 (3.8) | 18 (3.2) | 39 (3.5) |
TB | 47 (8.4) | 58 (10.3) | 105 (9.4) |
Mental Illness | 25 (4.5) | 29 (5.2) | 54 (4.8) |