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Table 1 Baseline data

From: Digital messaging to support control for type 2 diabetes (StAR2D): a multicentre randomised controlled trial

 

Intervention

n = 558

Control

n = 561

Overall

n = 1119

Gender, n(%)

 Female

390 (69.9)

392 (69.9)

782 (69.9)

 Male

168 (30.1)

169 (30.1)

337 (30.1)

aAge (years), n(%)

 < 55 years

229 (41.0)

236 (42.1)

465 (41.6)

 ≥ 55 years

328 (58.8)

324 (57.8)

652 (58.3)

 Missing

1 (0.2)

1 (0.2)

2 (0.2)

Age (years)

 Mean (SD)

56.8 (11.6)

57.4 (11.1)

57.1 (11.4)

 Range

24.8 to 97.0

28.7 to 89.6

24.8 to 97.0

 Missing

1

1

2

Site, n(%)

 Cape Town, SA

276 (49.5)

292 (52.1)

568 (50.8)

 Lilongwe, Malawi

282 (50.5)

269 (48.0)

551 (49.2)

aDuration of diabetes (years), n(%)

 < 7 years

333 (59.7)

332 (59.2)

665 (59.4)

 ≥ 7 years

224 (40.1)

228 (40.6)

452 (40.4)

 Missing

1 (0.2)

1 (0.2)

2 (0.2)

Duration of diabetes (years)

 Median

5.0

5.2

5

 IQR

2.5 to 10

3 to 10.0

2.8 to 10

 Missing

1

1

2

Years in school/education

 Mean (SD)

9.0 (3.9)

9.1 (4.2)

9,0 (4.0)

 Missing

1

1

2

Currently smoke, n(%)

 Yes

68 (12.2)

72 (12.8)

140 (12.5)

 No

489 (87.6)

488 (87.0)

977 (87.3)

 Missing

1 (0.2)

1 (0.2)

2 (0.2)

Currently use smokeless tobacco, n(%)

 Yes

22 (3.9)

21 (3.7)

43 (3.8)

 No

535 (95.9)

539 (96.1)

1074 (96.0)

 Missing

1 (0.2)

1 (0.2)

2 (0.2)

Tobacco Frequency, n(%)

 Less than once a week

546 (97.9)

544 (97.0)

1090 (97.4)

 Twice a week

0

2 (0.4)

2 (0.2)

 3 to 5 times a week

0

2 (0.4)

2 (0.2)

 Every or almost every day

7 (1.3)

9 (1.6)

16 (1.4)

 More than once a day

4 (0.7)

3 (0.5)

7 (0.6)

 Missing

1 (0.2)

1 (0.2)

2 (0.2)

Live with a smoker, n(%)

 Yes

157 (28.1)

154 (27.5)

311 (27.8)

 No

399 (71.5)

402 (71.7)

801 (71.2)

 Unsure

1 (0.2)

4 (0.7)

5 (0.5)

 Missing

1 (0.2)

1 (0.2)

2 (0.2)

BP (mmHg)

 Systolic, Mean (SD)

130.6 (20.4)

131.7 (20.4)

131.2 (20.4)

 Diastolic, Mean (SD)

78.3 (10.9)

79.0 (11.4)

78.7 (11.1)

 Missing

1

2

3

BMI (kg/m2)

 Mean (SD)

30.6 (6.5)

30.8 (7.4)

30.7 (7.0)

 Missing

8

12

20

HbA1c (%)

 Mean (SD)

10.1 (3.4)

10.2 (3.6)

10.2 (3.5)

 Missing

1

3

4

HbA1c (mmol/mol)

 Mean (SD)

87.1 (36.8)

88.4 (38.9)

87.7 (37.8)

 Missing

1

3

4

HDL Cholesterol (mmol/l)

 Mean (SD)

1.2 (0.4)

1.2 (0.3)

1.2 (0.3)

 Missing

1

2

3

Total Cholesterol (mmol/l)

 Mean (SD)

4.9 (1.3)

4.9 (1.3)

4.9 (1.3)

 Missing

4

4

8

Ratio of HDL to Total Cholesterol

 Mean (SD)

0.25 (0.09)

0.25 (0.08)

0.25 (0.08)

 Missing

4

4

8

SMS Language, n(%)

 Chichewa

252 (45.2)

246 (43.9)

498 (44.5)

 Isixhosa

109 (19.5)

108 (19.3)

217 (19.4)

 English

112 (20.1)

120 (21.4)

232 (20.7)

 Afrikaans

84 (15.1)

86 (15.3)

170 (15.2)

 Missing

1 (0.18)

1 (0.18)

2 (0.18)

Current health, n(%)

 Poor

44 (7.9)

52 (9.3)

96 (8.6)

 Fair

163 (29.2)

172 (30.7)

335 (29.9)

 Good

303 (54.3)

291 (51.9)

594 (53.1)

 Excellent

47 (8.4)

45 (8.0)

92 (8.2)

 Missing

1 (0.18)

1 (0.18)

2 (0.18)

Medication use, n(%)

 Insulin

91 (16.3)

102 (18.2)

193 (17.3)

 Statin

216 (38.7)

243 (43.3)

459 (41.0)

 Metformin

527 (94.4)

528 (94.1)

1055 (94.3)

 Sulfonylurea

396 (71.0)

378 (67.4)

774 (69.2)

 Pioglitazone

0

0

0

 BP lowering medication

394 (70.6)

416 (74.2)

810 (72.4)

 Missing

1 (0.18)

1 (0.18)

2 (0.18)

MARS-5b

 Mean (SD)

22.7 (2.6)

22.7 (2.8)

22.7 (2.7)

 Missing

1

1

2

EQ5D-3 L Index Value

 Mean (SD)

0.78 (0.26)

0.78 (0.27)

0.78 (0.26)

 Missing

1

1

2

Satisfaction with health care

 Mean (SD)

4.2 (0.8)

4.2 (0.8)

4.2 (0.8)

 Missing

1

1

2

Self-reported eating

 Mean (SD)

11.8 (4.9)

11.4 (5.0)

11.6 (4.9)

 Missing

1

1

2

Self-reported physical activity

 Mean (SD)

7.4 (6.0)

6.7 (5.8)

7.0 (5.9)

 Missing

1

1

2

10-year coronary heart disease risk (%)

 Median

9.1

9.6

9.4

 IQR

4.4 to 19.4

4.8 to 19.3

4.7 to 19.3

 Missing

4

6

10

Number of glucose lowering medications prescribed

 Mean (SD)

1.8 (0.5)

1.8 (0.5)

1.8 (0.5)

 Median (IQR)

2 (2 to 2)

2 (1 to 2)

2 (2 to 2)

 Missing

1

2

3

Number of blood pressure lowering medications prescribed

 Mean (SD)

1.5 (1.2)

1.5 (1.2)

1.5 (1.2)

 Median (IQR)

2 (0 to 2)

2 (0 to 2)

2 (0 to 2)

 Missing

1

2

3

Number of cholesterol lowering medications prescribed

 Mean (SD)

0.4 (0.5)

0.4 (0.5)

0.4 (0.5)

 Median (IQR)

0 (0 to 1)

0 (0 to 1)

0 (0 to 1)

 Missing

1

2

3

Comorbidities, n(%)

Heart attack

36 (6.5)

28 (5.0)

64 (5.7)

Heart failure

28 (5.0)

20 (3.4)

48 (4.3)

TIA/mini stroke

45 (8.1)

41 (7.3)

86 (7.7)

Angina/chest pain

50 (9.0)

41 (7.3)

91 (8.1)

Peripheral vascular disease

79 (14.2)

65 (11.6)

144 (12.9)

Chronic kidney disease

21 (3.8)

18 (3.2)

39 (3.5)

TB

47 (8.4)

58 (10.3)

105 (9.4)

Mental Illness

25 (4.5)

29 (5.2)

54 (4.8)

  1. aVariables used in minimisation
  2. bMedication adherence report scale