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Table 2 Baseline characteristics (n = 237,149)

From: Incidence of osteoporosis and ambient air pollution in South Korea: a population-based retrospective cohort study

 

No osteoporosis (n = 184,548)

Osteoporosis

(n = 52,601)

P- value

Age, year

50.1 ± 8.7

56.7 ± 9.6

< 0.001

Sex

  

< 0.001

 Male

107,764 (94.4)

6394 (5.6)

 

 Female

76,784 (62.4)

46,207 (37.6)

 

Income levels

  

0.824

 Lower

58,269 (77.8)

16,635 (22.2)

 

 Upper

126,279 (77.9)

35,966 (22.1)

 

Urbanization

  

< 0.001

 High

87,979 (79.5)

22,723 (20.5)

 

 low

96,569 (76.4)

29,878 (23.6)

 

Peptic ulcer disease

22,698 (12.3)

10,236 (19.5)

< 0.001

Diabetes mellitus

20,930 (11.3)

8479 (16.1)

< 0.001

Cerebrovascular disease

3555 (1.93)

1988 (3.78)

< 0.001

Peripheral vascular disease

3146 (1.70)

1981 (3.77)

< 0.001

Chronic pulmonary disease

1727 (0.94)

926 (1.76)

< 0.001

Mental disorder

1711 (0.93)

1042 (1.98)

< 0.001

Congestive heart failure

790 (0.43)

544 (1.03)

< 0.001

Myocardial infarction

513 (0.28)

188 (0.36)

0.003

Malignancy

391 (0.21)

159 (0.30)

< 0.001

Liver disease

379 (0.21)

131 (0.25)

< 0.001

Hemiplegia

354 (0.19)

147 (0.28)

< 0.001

Chronic kidney disease

304 (0.16)

101 (0.19)

0.181

  1. Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (percentage). P values were obtained by t test or chi-square test