Fig. 1

Trends of the MMR in Jinan from 1991 to 2020. Trends were analyzed by Cochran-Armitage trend (CAT) and showed significant reduction in both groups (the MMR in rural areas P < 0.0001, the MMR in urban areas P < 0.0001 and the MMR in whole city P < 0.0001). Differences were analyzed by Chi-square test between the MMR in rural areas and the MMR in urban areas and significant differences were observed