Table 3 Odds and odds ratio point estimates (PE) from staged ordinal logistic regressions with 95% confidence intervals (CI), stratified by ethnic subgroup for three largest ethnic groups represented in HPS II

  > 1

(1.35,

3.60)

2.13

(1.31,

3.47)

1.49

(0.93,

2.41)

1.58

(0.97,

2.59)

  > 2

(1.16,

3.08)

1.81

(1.11,

2.95)

1.26

(0.78,

2.03)

1.33

(0.81,

2.18)

  > 3

(0.88,

2.34)

1.38

(0.85,

2.24)

0.94

(0.58,

1.51)

0.99

(0.61,

1.62)

  > 4

(0.48,

1.27)

0.74

(0.46,

1.21)

0.50

(0.31,

0.80)

0.53

(0.32,

0.86)

  > 5

(0.31,

0.81)

0.47

(0.29,

0.77)

0.31

(0.19,

0.51)

0.34

(0.20,

0.55)

  > 6

(0.08,

0.22)

0.13

(0.08,

0.21)

0.08

(0.05,

0.14)

0.09

(0.05,

0.15)

  At least one parent with citizenship

(1.59,

3.02)

1.69

(1.19,

2.41)

1.49

(1.04,

2.12)

1.83

(1.07,

3.12)

  Yes

1.50

(1.15,

1.96)

1.27

(0.97,

1.67)

1.32

(1.00,

1.74)

  No school

  Some primary school

1.57

(1.15,

2.15)

1.60

(1.16,

2.19)

  Primary complete

3.14

(2.30,

4.28)

3.15

(2.31,

4.30)

  Lower secondary complete

3.62

(2.41,

5.43)

3.63

(2.42,

5.45)

  Upper secondary/ vocational complete

3.85

(2.43,

6.08)

3.87

(2.45,

6.13)

  Yes

0.72

(0.40,

1.32)

Lahu (n = 825)

   ≥ 1

(1.69,

5.83)

3.02

(1.66,

5.50)

2.54

(1.38,

4.66)

2.19

(1.09,

4.38)

   ≥ 2

(1.10,

3.77)

1.99

(1.09,

3.61)

1.65

(0.90,

3.02)

1.41

(0.71,

2.83)

   ≥ 3

(0.63,

2.17)

1.15

(0.63,

2.08)

0.93

(0.51,

1.70)

0.80

(0.40,

1.61)

   ≥ 4

(0.03,

1.04)

0.54

(0.30,

0.98)

0.43

(0.23,

0.78)

0.37

(0.18,

0.74)

   ≥ 5

(0.16,

0.54)

0.28

(0.15,

0.50)

0.21

(0.11,

0.39)

0.19

(0.09,

0.38)

   ≥ 6

(0.05,

0.18)

0.10

(0.05,

0.18)

0.07

(0.04,

0.14)

0.06

(0.03,

0.13)

  At least one parent with citizenship

(1.11,

2.09)

1.61

(1.17,

2.21)

1.41

(1.02,

1.96)

1.15

(0.77,

1.71)

  Yes

1.00

(0.71,

1.41)

0.84

(0.59,

1.20)

0.79

(0.55,

1.14)

  No school

  Some primary school

1.71

(1.14,

2.56)

1.75

(1.16,

2.62)

  Primary complete

2.51

(1.68,

3.73)

2.25

(1.50,

3.36)

  Lower secondary complete

2.71

(1.70,

4.32)

2.79

(1.73,

4.50)

  Yes

1.53

(0.97,

2.44)

Akha (n = 315)

   ≥ 1

(2.52,

12.28)

4.31

(2.03,

9.14)

3.03

(1.57,

5.82)

3.17

(1.67,

6.02)

   ≥ 2

(2.05,

9.83)

3.51

(1.82,

6.79)

2.42

(1.27,

4.61)

2.54

(1.35,

4.77)

   ≥ 3

(1.02,

4.75)

1.67

(1.08,

2.59)

1.13

(0.60,

2.10)

1.18

(0.64,

2.17)

   ≥ 4

(0.45,

2.02)

0.73

(0.58,

0.92)

0.48

(0.26,

0.89)

0.50

(0.27,

0.91)

   ≥ 5

(0.21,

0.93)

0.33

(0.33,

0.33)

0.21

(0.11,

0.40)

0.22

(0.12,

0.41)

   ≥ 6

(0.10,

0.47)

0.17

(0.10,

0.29)

0.11

(0.06,

0.21)

0.11

(0.06,

0.21)

  At least one parent with citizenship

(0.94,

2.17)

1.44

(0.96,

2.16)

1.17

(0.74,

1.84)

1.20

(0.73,

1.97)

  Yes

1.10

(0.53,

2.27)

1.02

(0.54,

1.91)

1.04

(0.55,

1.97)

  No school

  Some primary school

1.83

(0.87,

3.85)

1.82

(0.85,

3.86)

  Primary complete

3.00

(1.63,

5.54)

2.89

(1.55,

5.37)

  Lower secondary complete

2.69

(1.43,

5.03)

2.67

(1.42,

5.01)

  Upper secondary/ vocational complete

3.91

(1.78,

8.59)

3.76

(1.67,

8.44)

  Yes

0.94

(0.51,

1.73)