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Table 5 Association between recognizing cervical cancer warning signs of a non-specific nature and sociodemographic factors

From: Knowledge of Palestinian women about cervical cancer warning signs: a national cross- sectional study

Characteristic

Extreme generalized fatigue

Unexplained weight loss

Persistent vaginal discharge that smells un-pleasant

Persistent diarrhea

n (%)

AOR

(95% CI)a

p-value

n (%)

AOR

(95% CI)a

p-value

n (%)

AOR

(95% CI)a

p-value

n (%)

AOR

(95% CI)a

p-value

Age group

 18 to 20

488 (10.6)

Ref

Ref

499 (9.8)

Ref

Ref

346 (11.1)

Ref

Ref

139 (9.0)

Ref

Ref

 21 to 40

2866 (62.3)

0.82 (0.67–1.01)

0.06

2815 (61.5)

0.99 (0.81–1.22)

0.94

1862 (59.6)

0.79 (0.64–0.96)

0.017

944 (60.9)

1.17 (0.91–1.49)

0.23

 41 or older

1247 (27.1)

0.79 (0.62–0.99)

0.049

1314 (28.7)

1.03 (0.82–1.31)

0.79

915 (29.3)

0.94 (0.75–1.18)

0.62

468 (30.2)

1.17 (0.89–1.55)

0.27

Educational level

 Illiterate

62 (1.3)

Ref

Ref

67 (1.5)

Ref

Ref

45 (1.4)

Ref

Ref

37 (2.4)

Ref

Ref

 Primary

245 (5.3)

1.39 (0.92–2.09)

0.11

276 (0.6)

1.69 (1.11–2.55)

0.014

181 (5.8)

1.48 (0.97–2.25)

0.07

113 (7.3)

1.10 (0.70–1.72)

0.69

 Preparatory

683 (14.8)

1.64 (1.12–2.40)

0.011

726 (15.9)

1.76 (1.20–2.59)

0.004

446 (14.3)

1.39 (0.94–2.06)

0.10

257 (16.6)

0.91 (0.59–1.39)

0.66

 Secondary

1509 (32.8)

1.93 (1.32–2.81)

0.001

1534 (33.5)

1.88 (1.29–2.74)

0.001

994 (31.8)

1.58 (1.07–2.32)

0.020

487 (31.4)

0.77 (0.50–1.17)

0.21

 Diploma

483 (10.5)

2.10 (1.41–3.13)

< 0.001

461 (10.1)

1.58 (1.06–2.35)

0.025

312 (10.0)

1.50 (1.00–2.25)

0.052

161 (10.4)

0.74 (0.47–1.15)

0.18

 Bachelor

1523 (33.1)

2.64 (1.79–3.88)

< 0.001

1429 (31.2)

1.87 (1.27–2.75)

0.002

1076 (34.5)

2.05 (1.38–3.05)

< 0.001

462 (29.8)

0.70 (0.45–1.07)

0.10

 Postgraduate

96 (2.1)

3.30 (1.93–5.63)

< 0.001

85 (1.9)

1.78 (1.06–3.00)

0.031

69 (2.2)

2.25 (1.34–3.78)

0.002

34 (2.2)

0.84 (0.47–1.50)

0.56

Occupation

 Housewife

3131 (68.1)

Ref

Ref

3139 (68.6)

Ref

Ref

2049 (65.6)

Ref

Ref

1045 (67.4)

Ref

Ref

 Employed

896 (19.5)

0.70 (0.60–0.81)

< 0.001

909 (19.9)

0.88 (0.76–1.02)

0.08

665 (21.3)

0.89 (0.77–1.03)

0.12

329 (21.2)

1.00 (0.84–1.19)

0.98

 Retired

31 (0.7)

0.43 (0.26–0.71)

0.001

33 (0.7)

0.55 (0.33–0.92)

0.023

28 (0.9)

0.74 (0.45–1.24)

0.26

11 (0.7)

0.79 (0.40–1.56)

0.51

 Student

543 (11.8)

0.87 (0.70–1.08)

0.21

497 (10.9)

0.87 (0.70–1.08)

0.20

381 (12.2)

0.88 (0.71–1.08)

0.23

166 (10.7)

0.90 (0.69–1.17)

0.43

Monthly income

  < 1450 NIS

1573 (34.2)

Ref

Ref

1579 (34.5)

Ref

Ref

1015 (32.5)

Ref

Ref

554 (35.7)

Ref

Ref

  ≥ 1450 NIS

3028 (65.8)

1.07 (0.93–1.24)

0.33

2999 (65.5)

1.03 (0.89–1.18)

0.74

2108 (67.5)

1.03 (0.90–1.18)

0.68

997 (64.3)

0.84 (0.71–0.99)

0.037

Residency

 Gaza Strip

1773 (38.5)

Ref

Ref

1759 (34.4)

Ref

Ref

1137 (36.4)

Ref

Ref

580 (37.4)

Ref

Ref

 WBJ

2828 (61.5)

0.96 (0.84–1.11)

0.61

2819 (61.6)

0.94 (0.82–1.08)

0.42

1986 (63.6)

1.06 (0.93–1.21)

0.36

971 (62.6)

1.07 (0.91–1.25)

0.42

Having a chronic disease

 No

3692 (80.2)

Ref

Ref

3640 (79.5)

Ref

Ref

2484 (79.5)

Ref

Ref

1228 (79.2)

Ref

Ref

 Yes

909 (19.8)

1.10 (0.96–1.27)

0.19

938 (20.5)

1.05 (0.91–1.21)

0.51

639 (20.5)

1.04 (0.91–1.19)

0.53

323 (20.8)

0.99 (0.84–1.16)

0.88

Knowing someone with cancer

 No

1830 (39.8)

Ref

Ref

1749 (38.2)

Ref

Ref

1228 (39.3)

Ref

Ref

682 (44.0)

Ref

Ref

 Yes

2771 (60.2)

1.31 (1.18–1.45)

< 0.001

2829 (61.8)

1.51 (1.36–1.67)

< 0.001

1895 (60.7)

1.22 (1.11–1.35)

< 0.001

869 (56.0)

0.92 (0.82–1.04)

0.19

Marital status

 Single

981 (21.3)

Ref

Ref

940 (20.5)

Ref

Ref

709 (22.7)

Ref

Ref

323 (20.8)

Ref

Ref

 Married

3399 (73.9)

1.41 (1.21–1.64)

< 0.001

3410 (74.5)

1.37 (1.18–1.60)

< 0.001

2247 (72.0)

1.14 (0.98–1.32)

0.09

1140 (73.5)

1.18 (0.98–1.41)

0.07

 Divorced

109 (2.4)

1.91 (1.31–2.79)

0.001

101 (2.2)

1.41 (0.98–2.02)

0.06

81 (2.6)

1.59 (1.13–2.24)

0.008

38 (2.5)

1.19 (0.79–1.77)

0.41

 Widowed

112 (2.4)

1.29 (0.92–1.82)

0.14

127 (2.8)

1.55 (1.08–2.21)

0.016

86 (2.8)

1.19 (0.86–1.67)

0.30

50 (3.2)

1.17 (0.79–1.72)

0.43

Site of data collection

 Public spaces

1665 (36.2)

Ref

Ref

1670 (36.5)

Ref

Ref

1219 (39.0)

Ref

Ref

700 (45.1)

Ref

Ref

 Hospitals

1159 (25.2)

0.98 (0.86–1.11)

0.78

1237 (27.0)

1.05 (0.92–1.20)

0.47

809 (25.9)

0.95 (0.84–1.08)

0.41

369 (23.8)

0.62 (0.53–0.72)

< 0.001

 Primary healthcare centers

1777 (38.6)

1.52 (1.33–1.72)

< 0.001

1671 (36.5)

1.14 (1.00–1.29)

0.045

1095 (35.1)

1.00 (0.89–1.13)

0.97

482 (31.1)

0.62 (0.53–0.71)

< 0.001

  1. AOR adjusted odds ratio, CI confidence interval, WBJ West Bank and Jerusalem
  2. aAdjusted for age-group, educational level, occupation, monthly income, marital status, residency, having a chronic disease, knowing someone with cancer, and site of data collection