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Table 3 Association between recognizing cervical cancer warning signs with blood and sociodemographic factors

From: Knowledge of Palestinian women about cervical cancer warning signs: a national cross- sectional study

Characteristic

Vaginal bleeding after menopause

Vaginal bleeding between periods

Having menstrual periods that are heavier or longer than usual

Vaginal bleeding during or after sex

Blood in the stool or urine

n (%)

AOR

(95% CI)a

p-value

n (%)

AOR

(95% CI)a

p-value

n (%)

AOR

(95% CI)a

p-value

n (%)

AOR

(95% CI)a

p-value

n (%)

AOR

(95% CI)a

p-value

Age group

 18 to 20

551 (11.0)

Ref

Ref

463 (11.1)

Ref

Ref

398 (9.6)

Ref

Ref

301 (8.2)

Ref

Ref

444 (12.7)

Ref

Ref

 21 to 40

3098 (61.6)

0.84 (0.67–1.05)

0.12

2533(60.5)

0.80 (0.65–0.98)

0.028

2523 (60.9)

1.04 (0.85–1.27)

0.70

2333 (63.3)

1.07 (0.87–1.31)

0.53

2141 (61.2)

0.82 (0.67–1.00)

0.053

 41 or older

1379 (27.4)

0.91 (0.71–1.18)

0.49

1194 (28.5)

0.99 (0.78–1.24)

0.92

1221 (29.5)

1.24 (0.98–1.55)

0.07

1050 (28.5)

1.16 (0.92–1.45)

0.22

911 (26.1)

0.77 (0.61–0.96)

0.021

Educational level

 Illiterate

72 (1.4)

Ref

Ref

58 (1.4)

Ref

Ref

65 (1.6)

Ref

Ref

61 (1.7)

Ref

Ref

59 (1.7)

Ref

Ref

 Primary

256 (5.1)

1.22 (0.80–1.84)

0.35

210 (5.0)

1.17 (0.78–1.76)

0.45

236 (5.7)

1.29 (0.86–1.93)

0.22

173 (4.7)

0.73 (0.48–1.10)

0.13

183 (5.2)

0.92 (0.61–1.38)

0.68

 Preparatory

740 (14.7)

1.67 (1.13–2.46)

0.009

621 (14.8)

1.61 (1.10–2.36)

0.014

651 (15.7)

1.55 (1.06–2.26)

0.024

548 (14.9)

1.06 (0.73–1.55)

0.75

490 (14.0)

0.93 (0.64–1.36)

0.71

 Secondary

1642 (32.7)

1.94 (1.32–2.83)

0.001

1350 (32.2)

1.75 (1.20–2.54)

0.004

1358 (32.8)

1.57 (1.08–2.29)

0.017

1184 (32.1)

1.25 (0.86–1.82)

0.24

1152 (33.0)

1.05 (0.72–1.52)

0.81

 Diploma

553 (11.0)

2.40 (1.59–3.60)

< 0.001

454 (10.8)

2.03 (1.36–3.03)

< 0.001

431 (10.4)

1.49 (1.01–2.21)

0.047

373 (10.1)

1.24 (0.83–1.84)

0.29

354 (10.1)

0.94 (0.63–1.39)

0.76

 Bachelor

1663 (33.1)

2.56 (1.73–3.80)

< 0.001

1411 (33.7)

2.38 (1.62–3.50)

< 0.001

1313 (31.7)

1.65 (1.13–2.42)

0.010

1254 (34.0)

1.78 (1.21–2.61)

0.003

1190 (34.0)

1.12 (0.77–1.64)

0.56

 Postgraduate

102 (2.0)

2.98 (1.72–5.18)

< 0.001

86 (2.1)

2.54 (1.51–4.29)

< 0.001

88 (2.1)

2.02 (1.20–3.40)

0.008

91 (2.5)

2.76 (1.63–4.68)

< 0.001

68 (1.9)

0.99 (0.59–1.64)

0.96

Occupation

 Housewife

3361 (66.8)

Ref

Ref

2784 (66.4)

Ref

Ref

2787 (67.3)

Ref

Ref

2515 (68.3)

Ref

Ref

2226 (63.7)

Ref

Ref

 Employed

1008 (20.0)

0.73 (0.63–0.86)

< 0.001

852 (20.3)

0.86 (0.75–1.00)

0.051

872 (21.1)

1.05 (0.91–1.22)

0.49

788 (21.4)

1.00 (0.87–1.16)

0.98

749 (21.4)

0.94 (0.81–1.08)

0.37

 Retired

32 (0.6)

0.30 (0.18–0.50)

< 0.001

30 (0.7)

0.46 (0.28–0.77)

0.003

25 (0.6)

0.40 (0.24–0.67)

0.001

28 (0.8)

0.71 (0.42–1.20)

0.21

19 (0.5)

0.43 (0.25–0.76)

0.003

 Student

627 (12.5)

0.92 (0.73–1.16)

0.48

524 (12.5)

1.02 (0.82–1.27)

0.86

458 (11.1)

1.03 (0.83–1.27)

0.82

353 (9.6)

1.01 (0.81–1.25)

0.94

502 (14.4)

1.03 (0.83–1.27)

0.80

Monthly income

  < 1450 NIS

1767 (35.1)

Ref

Ref

1475 (35.2)

Ref

Ref

1461 (35.3)

Ref

Ref

1285 (34.9)

Ref

Ref

1096 (31.4)

Ref

Ref

  ≥ 1450 NIS

3261 (64.9)

1.16 (0.99–1.35)

0.06

2715 (64.8)

1.12 (0.97–1.29)

0.11

2681 (64.7)

0.99 (0.86–1.14)

0.93

2399 (65.1)

1.02 (0.89–1.18)

0.98

2400 (68.6)

0.95 (0.83–1.09)

0.37

Residency

 Gaza Strip

2051 (40.8)

Ref

Ref

1729 (41.3)

Ref

Ref

1648 (39.8)

Ref

Ref

1480 (40.2)

Ref

Ref

1175 (33.6)

Ref

Ref

 WBJ

2977 (59.2)

0.58 (0.50–0.67)

< 0.001

2461 (58.7)

0.64 (0.56–0.74)

< 0.001

2494 (60.2)

0.81 (0.71–0.92)

0.002

2204 (59.8)

0.82 (0.72–0.94)

0.004

2321 (66.4)

1.48 (1.30–1.69)

< 0.001

Having a chronic disease

 No

4027 (80.1)

Ref

Ref

3326 (79.4)

Ref

Ref

3278 (79.1)

Ref

Ref

2966 (80.5)

Ref

Ref

2842 (81.3)

Ref

Ref

 Yes

1001 (19.9)

1.21 (1.04–1.40)

0.014

864 (20.6)

1.25 (1.09–1.43)

0.002

864 (20.9)

1.13 (0.99–1.30)

0.08

718 (19.5)

0.95 (0.83–1.09)

0.46

654 (18.7)

0.95 (0.83–1.08)

0.43

Knowing someone with cancer

 No

2005 (39.9)

Ref

Ref

1651 (39.4)

Ref

Ref

1669 (40.3)

Ref

Ref

1469 (39.9)

Ref

Ref

1367 (39.1)

Ref

Ref

 Yes

3023 (60.1)

1.34 (1.21–1.50)

< 0.001

2539 (60.6)

1.25 (1.13–1.39)

< 0.001

2473 (59.7)

1.15 (1.04–1.27)

0.005

2215(60.1)

1.19 (1.07–1.31)

0.001

2129 (60.9)

1.29 (1.17–1.42)

< 0.001

Marital status

 Single

1147 (22.8)

Ref

Ref

943 (22.5)

Ref

Ref

857 (20.7)

Ref

Ref

625 (17.0)

Ref

Ref

911 (23.8)

Ref

Ref

 Married

3645 (72.5)

1.19 (1.01–1.40)

0.033

3058 (73.0)

1.26 (1.09–1.47)

0.002

3071 (74.1)

1.38 (1.19–1.61)

< 0.001

2869 (77.9)

2.42 (2.08–2.82)

< 0.001

2404 (68.8)

0.86 (0.75–1.00)

0.051

 Divorced

111 (2.2)

1.33 (0.90–1.95)

0.15

85 (2.0)

1.07 (0.75–1.51)

0.71

96 (2.3)

1.49 (1.05–2.11)

0.027

90 (2.4)

2.52 (1.78–3.57)

< 0.001

93 (2.7)

1.43 (1.00–2.02)

0.047

 Widowed

125 (2.5)

1.10 (0.77–1.58)

0.60

104 (2.5)

1.08 (0.77–1.52)

0.64

118 (2.8)

1.51 (1.07–2.12)

0.019

100 (2.7)

2.48 (1.78–3.48)

< 0.001

88 (2.5)

0.90 (0.65–1.26)

0.56

Site of data collection

 Public spaces

1940 (38.6)

Ref

Ref

1613 (38.5)

Ref

Ref

1564 (37.8)

Ref

Ref

1352 (36.7)

Ref

Ref

1432 (41.0)

Ref

Ref

 Hospitals

1296 (25.8)

0.88 (0.77–1.01)

0.07

1043 (24.9)

0.84 (0.74–0.96)

0.009

1067 (25.8)

0.89 (0.78–1.01)

0.08

983 (26.7)

1.00 (0.88–1.14)

0.99

833 (23.8)

0.78 (0.69–0.88)

< 0.001

 Primary healthcare centers

1792 (35.6)

0.96 (0.84–1.10)

0.57

1534 (36.6)

1.04 (0.92–1.18)

0.52

1511 (36.5)

1.03 (0.91–1.16)

0.63

1349 (36.6)

1.03 (0.92–1.17)

0.59

1231 (35.2)

1.01 (0.90–1.14)

0.87

  1. AOR adjusted odds ratio, CI confidence interval, WBJ West Bank and Jerusalem
  2. aAdjusted for age-group, educational level, occupation, monthly income, marital status, residency, having a chronic disease, knowing someone with cancer, and site of data collection
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