Table 2 Bivariate and logistic regression analysis estimates for women delivering babies at home by their background characteristics in India, NFHS-III & NFHS-IV

Age at first birth

$

$

  < 18 years

74.9

Ref.

28.9

Ref.

 18–24 years

54.8

0.86***(0.78–0.96)

18.7

0.95*(0.9–1.01)

 25 or more years

25.5

0.59***(0.49–0.69)

11.4

0.76***(0.70–0.82)

Parity

$

$

 First parity

38.9

Ref.

9.0

Ref.

 Second parity

49.1

1.49***(1.34–1.66)

15.4

1.63***(1.54–1.72)

 Third parity

67.1

1.95***(1.72–2.21)

26.1

2.02***(1.9–2.15)

 Four or more parity

81.6

1.70***(1.49–1.92)

40.5

2.49***(2.03–2.80)

Ante-natal care

$

$

 No

87.7

Ref.

43.2

Ref.

 Partial

56.5

0.70***(0.62–0.8)

19.2

0.59***(0.55–0.62)

 Full

16.1

0.34***(0.28–0.41)

5.6

0.41***(0.38–0.45)

Mass media exposure

$

$

 No exposure

81.9

Ref.

37.5

Ref.

 Exposure

48.1

1.03(0.92–1.17)

12.8

0.89***(0.84–0.93)

Educational status

$

$

 No education

80.5

Ref.

36.6

 Primary

61.0

0.83***(0.73–0.94)

24.7

0.89***(0.84–0.94)

 Secondary

35.1

0.70***(0.63–0.79)

10.8

0.68***(0.65–0.72)

 Higher

7.0

0.33***(0.26–0.42)

3.1

0.44***(0.39–0.49)

Caste

$

$

 Scheduled Caste

65.2

Ref.

19.7

Ref.

 Scheduled Tribe

80.7

1.34***(1.18–1.52)

30.0

1.08**(1.01–1.16)

 Other Backward Class

59.7

1.71***(1.47–2.00)

17.8

1.40***(1.31–1.5)

 Others

45.8

1.48***(1.33–1.65)

15.4

1.02(0.97–1.09)

Religion

$

$

 Hindu

58.0

Ref.

17.1

Ref.

 Muslim

64.7

0.84***(0.73–0.96)

28.1

1.52***(1.43–1.61)

 Others

45.5

1.03(0.89–1.19)

17.0

1.57***(1.46–1.7)

Wealth index

$

$

 Poor

81.5

Ref.

31.4

Ref.

 Middle

58.9

0.75***(0.66–0.85)

13.4

0.82***(0.77–0.86)

 Rich

27.8

0.41***(0.34–0.48)

6.2

0.64***(0.61–0.76)

Place of residence

$

$

 Urban

29.5

Ref.

9.7

Ref.

 Rural

69.1

1.94***(1.76–2.14)

22.8

1.12***(1.06–1.18)

Region

$

$

 North

59.3

Ref.

14.6

Ref.

 Central

77.1

1.15**(1.01–1.32)

26.6

0.92**(0.87–0.98)

 East

69.6

0.73***(0.63–0.84)

27.8

1.37***(1.29–1.47)

 Northeast

70.2

0.88*(0.76–1.01)

28.8

1.45***(1.35–1.57)

 West

36.2

0.36***(0.3–0.42)

9.0

0.50***(0.45–0.55)

 South

24.7

0.21***(0.17–0.24)

4.1

0.35***(0.31–0.39)

Total

58.5

18.9