Surveillance sub-system | Outcome | Australia | China | Malaysia |
---|---|---|---|---|
Department of Health | Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention | Ministry of Health | ||
1. Non-medically attended community surveillance | 1.1. ARI/ILI cases and/or incidence rates | Web-survey (Info.flutracking.Net) & medical hotline (Healthdirect) | None | None |
1.2. Proportion of ARI/ILI cases seeking care | None | None | ||
2. Virological surveillance | 2.1. ARI / ILI specimens for virus typing & subtyping | Sentinel labs & 2 NIC | Sentinel labs (NISN) & 1 NIC | 2 NIC |
2.2. ARI / ILI specimens for virus genome sequencing | 1 WHO CC and H5 lab | 1 WHO CC and H5 lab | None | |
2.3. ARI / ILI specimens for antiviral drug resistance | ||||
3. Community surveillance | 3.1. Notified biologically/laboratory-confirmed cases | Sentinel labs, Mandatory disease notification (NNDSS) | Mandatory disease notification (NIDRS) | None |
4. Outbreak surveillance | 4.1. ARI/ILI outbreaks in close settings | Outbreak monitoring in Australian states | Outbreaks in close settings (CPHEMIS) | Unpublished |
4.2. Biologically /laboratory-confirmed outbreaks in close settings | Unpublished | |||
5. Primary care syndromic surveillance | 5.1. ARI/ILI GP visits and/or incidence rates | Sentinel GPs (ASPREN) | None | ILI sentinel clinics |
5.2. Biologically/ laboratory-confirmed GP visits and/or incidence rates | None | |||
5.3. Influenza-associated excess GP visits | None | None | None | |
5.4. Influenza-associated excess work loss cases | None | None | None | |
6. Hospital syndromic surveillance | 6.1. ILI or biologically/laboratory-confirmed emergency department visits | ILI EDs (PHREDSS some states only - NSW) | ILI sentinel emergency departments (NISN) | None |
6.2. SARI/ILI hospital admissions | SARI sentinel hospitals (FluCAN & APSU) | SARI sentinel hospitals scheme | SARI sentinel hospitals | |
6.3. Biologically/ laboratory-confirmed hospital admissions | ||||
6.4. Influenza-associated excess hospital admissions | None | None | None | |
6.5 Biologically/ laboratory-confirmed ICU admissions | SARI sentinel hospitals (FluCAN & APSU) | SARI sentinel hospitals system | SARI sentinel hospitals | |
7. Mortality surveillance | 7.1 Diagnosed or biologically/laboratory-confirmed influenza deaths | Mandatory disease notification (NNDSS) | Mandatory disease notification (NIDRS) | None |
7.2. Influenza-associated excess deaths | Influenza & pneumonia (some states only - NSW) | None | None |