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Table 2 Regression analysis of women empowerment and demographics on minimum daily meal frequency

From: Women empowerment and minimum daily meal frequency among infants and young children in Ghana: analysis of Ghana demographic and health survey

Independent variables

Category

Model 1

Model2

Model 3

Model 4

Economic factors

 Control over women’s income

Respondent alone

−0.0528 [− 0.618,0.513]

−0.0953 [− 0.670,0.479]

− 0.152 [− 0.727,0.423]

−0.068 [− 0.595,0.459]

Respondent and husband/partner

−0.0819 [− 0.671,0.507]

−0.029 [− 0.638,0.580]

−0.119 [− 0.729,0.491]

−0.1 [− 0.668,0.468]

Husband/Partner or other alone

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Respondent alone

0.251 [−0.109,0.612]

0.118 [− 0.268,0.505]

0.0807 [− 0.305,0.466]

−0.186 [− 0.542,0.169]

Respondent and husband/partner

0.118 [−0.123,0.360]

0.273* [− 0.00830,0.554]

0.275* [− 0.00675,0.556]

0.351*** [0.0851,0.617]

Husband/Partner or other alone

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Mothers occupation

Not working

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

White collar

0.0859 [−0.143,0.315]

0.128 [− 0.111,0.367]

0.132 [− 0.106,0.371]

0.0543 [− 0.191,0.299]

Agricultural/labour

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Socio-familial empowerment

 Family visit decision

Respondent alone

 

0.514** [0.0792,0.949]

0.551** [0.116,0.986]

0.743*** [0.329,1.157]

Respondent and husband/partner

 

0.248 [−0.152,0.648]

0.241 [− 0.159,0.641]

0.304 [− 0.0638,0.672]

Husband/Partner or other alone

 

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Own health

Respondent alone

 

−0.059 [− 0.418,0.300]

− 0.0424 [− 0.402,0.318]

− 0.0127 [− 0.343,0.318]

Respondent and husband/partner

 

−0.141 [− 0.505,0.222]

−0.16 [− 0.527,0.207]

−0.238 [− 0.585,0.109]

Husband/Partner or other alone

 

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Attitude towards violence

Don’t know

 

Ref

Ref

Ref

No

 

1.169* [− 0.114,2.451]

0.866 [− 0.422,2.155]

0.243 [− 0.978,1.464]

Yes

 

1.458** [0.156,2.761]

1.171* [− 0.135,2.477]

0.467 [− 0.785,1.719]

Legal Empowerment

 House

Does not own

  

Ref

Ref

Alone only

  

0.135 [−0.385,0.654]

0.118 [− 0.375,0.611]

Jointly only

  

−0.345** [− 0.664,-0.0265]

−0.245* [− 0.535,0.0440]

Both alone and jointly

  

−0.198 [− 0.885,0.489]

−0.357 [− 0.984,0.269]

 Land

Does not own

  

Ref

Ref

Alone only

  

−0.129 [−0.545,0.287]

− 0.358* [− 0.738,0.0221]

Jointly only

  

0.579*** [0.239,0.919]

0.470*** [0.154,0.785]

Both alone and jointly

  

0.191 [−0.509,0.891]

0.263 [−0.380,0.905]

Demographic factors

 Age of child (Months)

6 to 8

   

Ref

9 to 11

   

1.179*** [0.781,1.577]

12 to 17

   

0.646*** [0.361,0.932]

18 to 23

   

1.387*** [1.094,1.681]

 Sex of child

Male

   

Ref

Female

   

−0.0885 [− 0.302,0.125]

Mother’s age (Years)

    

0.000872 [−0.0179,0.0196]

 Highest Educational level

No education

   

Ref

Primary

   

−0.325* [− 0.707,0.0574]

Secondary

   

−0.172 [− 0.520,0.176]

Higher

   

0.496* [−0.0170,1.008]

 Residence

Urban

   

Ref

Rural

   

− 0.298* [− 0.600,0.00450]

 Level of wealth designation

Poorest

   

Ref

Poorer

   

−0.0412 [−0.429,0.346]

Middle

   

−0.163 [− 0.599,0.274]

Richer

   

−0.0345 [− 0.513,0.444]

Richest

   

−0.238 [− 0.808,0.332]

Number of children less than 5 yrs

    

−0.0163 [− 0.159,0.127]

 _cons

 

3.407*** [2.834,3.980]

1.942*** [0.516,3.369]

2.306*** [0.866,3.747]

2.465*** [0.812,4.118]

 R-sq

 

0.006

0.041

0.073

0.289

 adj. R2

 

−0.004

0.016

0.034

0.231

  1. 90% confidence intervals in brackets; Ref = Reference; *p < 0.10, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.
  2. Model 1 constituted the economic empowerment variables.
  3. Model 2 added the socio-familial variables;
  4. Model 3 included the legal empowerment variables;
  5. Model 4 added the demographic characteristics or variables.