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Table 3 Multivariate logistic regression models assessing the factors associated with caesarean section delivery in India, Bihar, and Tamil Nadu, NFHS-4 (2015–16)

From: Geographical variability and factors associated with caesarean section delivery in India: a comparative assessment of Bihar and Tamil Nadu

 

India

Bihar

Tamil Nadu

Variables

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

Women’s age

 15–24 years (ref.)

      

 25–34 years

1.40**

1.34–1.45

1.30**

1.09–1.55

1.49**

1.30–1.72

 35–49 years

2.25**

2.10–2.40

1.47*

1.05–2.04

2.02**

1.52–2.67

Age at marriage

  < 18 years

0.92**

0.88–0.96

0.96

0.82–1.12

0.87

0.74–1.03

  ≥ 18 years (ref.)

      

Birth order

 1 (ref.)

      

 2

0.74**

0.72–0.77

0.69**

0.58–0.83

0.89

0.78–1.01

 3

0.44**

0.41–0.46

0.49**

0.39–0.61

0.43**

0.34–0.53

 4+

0.26**

0.24–0.28

0.31**

0.23–0.41

0.23**

0.14–0.38

Place of residence

 Urban (ref.)

      

 Rural

0.85**

0.82–0.88

0.77*

0.62–0.95

1.03

0.91–1.17

Women’s education

 Illiterate (ref.)

      

 Primary

1.12**

1.05–1.20

0.88

0.68–1.13

0.95

0.67–1.34

 Secondary

1.26**

1.20–1.33

0.81*

0.66–0.99

0.99

0.75–1.30

 Higher

1.31**

1.22–1.40

0.85

0.63–1.14

0.96

0.71–1.31

Religion

 Hindu (ref.)

      

 Muslim

1.12**

1.07–1.18

1.03

0.84–1.27

1.08

0.83–1.42

 Other

1.03

0.97–1.08

1.1

0.09–13.45

1.26

0.98–1.62

Caste

 Scheduled Caste (ref.)

      

 Scheduled Tribe

0.77**

0.73–0.82

0.64

0.35–1.17

0.95

0.59–1.50

 Other Backward Class

0.89**

0.85–0.93

0.99

0.81–1.21

0.98

0.86–1.13

 Others

1.00

0.95–1.05

1.27*

1.00–1.63

1.08

0.66–1.13

Wealth quintile

 Poorest (ref.)

      

 Poorer

1.18**

1.10–1.26

1

0.82–1.22

0.64*

0.45–0.92

 Middle

1.53**

1.43–1.63

0.84

0.65–1.07

0.70*

0.50–1.00

 Richer

1.61**

1.50–1.73

0.95

0.72–1.25

0.62**

0.43–0.88

 Richest

1.45**

1.35–1.57

0.86

0.59–1.24

0.58**

0.40–0.85

Exposure to mass media

 No exposure (ref.)

      

 Partial exposure

1.26**

1.19–1.33

1.17

0.97–1.40

0.97

0.62–1.53

 Full exposure

1.48**

1.38–1.59

1.15

0.87–1.52

0.93

0.58–1.50

ANC visit

 No visit (ref.)

      

 1–3

1.14**

1.07–1.22

1.1

0.92–1.33

0.92

0.70–1.20

 4+

1.71**

1.61–1.82

1.88**

1.53–2.30

1.06

0.85–1.31

Place of delivery

 Public sector (ref.)

      

 Private sector

3.88**

3.76–4.01

12.84**

10.90–15.13

2.90**

2.54–3.31

Pregnancy loss

 No (ref.)

      

 Yes

1.18**

1.13–1.23

1.03

0.85–1.25

1.29**

1.10–1.52

Delivery complications

 No (ref.)

      

 Yes

1.34**

1.28–1.40

2.17**

1.70–2.77

0.41**

0.37–0.46

Constant

0.06**

0.05–0.06

0.04**

0.03–0.06

0.86

0.46–1.59

LR chi2

 

20,260.3

 

1947.8

 

775.3

Prob> chi2

 

0.00

 

0.00

 

0.00

Pseudo R2

 

0.1577

 

0.2644

 

0.1009

Log-likelihood

 

−54,093.2

 

− 2709

 

− 3455.7

  1. Notes: OR Odds ratio, CI Confidence interval, ref. Reference category
  2. **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05