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Table 2 Prevalence of caesarean section delivery by selected explanatory variables, NFHS-4 (2015–16)

From: Geographical variability and factors associated with caesarean section delivery in India: a comparative assessment of Bihar and Tamil Nadu

	India		Bihar		Tamil Nadu
Variables	%	p-value	%	p-value	%	p-value
Women’s age		< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001
15–24 years	18.3		8.5		31.4
25–34 years	20.2		7.5		38.5
35–49 years	16.8		4.3		44.4
Age at marriage		< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001
< 18 years	12.1		5.6		27.7
≥ 18 years	24.1		9.7		37.8
Birth order		< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001
1	27.4		14.1		39.2
2	21.9		8.8		36.8
3	11.0		5.1		23.4
4+	4.2		2.4		14.9
Place of residence		< 0.001		< 0.001		0.001
Urban	30.4		16.3		37.5
Rural	14.5		6.4		34.2
Women’s education		< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001
Illiterate	6.9		4.2		26.8
Primary	12.6		5.6		31.3
Secondary	23.1		11.2		34.5
Higher	39.8		28.2		42.5
Religion		< 0.001		0.146		< 0.001
Hindu	19.4		7.6		35.0
Muslim	16.9		6.4		39.3
Other	23.8		1.6		46.0
Caste		< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001
Scheduled Caste	16.4		4.9		31.8
Scheduled Tribe	9.5		2.9		30.8
Other Backward Class	19.2		7.0		37.4
Others	26.0		14.3		46.4
Wealth quintile		< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001
Poorest	5.2		4.0		35.3
Poorer	10.9		7.0		27.2
Middle	20.6		11.2		33.5
Richer	28.7		22.0		37.5
Richest	37.2		31.9		42.1
Mass media exposure
No exposure	5.8	< 0.001	4.4	< 0.001	32.9	0.483
Partial exposure	22.8		11.0		36.2
Full exposure	30.6		14.1		34.1
Number of ANC visit		< 0.001		< 0.001		0.055
No visit	6.4		3.6		33.2
1–3	12.1		6.9		31.7
4+	27.7		20.6		36.7
Place of delivery		< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001
Public sector	13.2		2.9		27.6
Private sector	43.2		34.1		52.8
Pregnancy loss		< 0.001		0.01		< 0.001
No	18.7		7.3		34.7
Yes	22.2		8.6		42.6
Delivery complications		< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001
No	17.9		5.4		58.3
Yes	22.4		9.2		30.7

Note: P-values are derived from Pearson’s chi-square test between the outcome and explanatory variables

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