Table 1 Descriptive statistics of the study participants, NFHS-4 (2015–16)
| Â | India | Bihar | Tamil Nadu | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | N | % | N | % | N | % |
Women’s age | ||||||
 15–24 years | 62,082 | 32.5 | 5707 | 33.9 | 1996 | 32.3 |
 25–34 years | 107,500 | 56.3 | 8999 | 53.5 | 3829 | 62.0 |
 35–49 years | 21,316 | 11.2 | 2116 | 12.6 | 356 | 5.8 |
Age at marriage | ||||||
  < 18 years | 69,751 | 37.3 | 9302 | 55.6 | 1213 | 19.8 |
  ≥ 18 years | 117,078 | 62.7 | 7434 | 44.4 | 4922 | 80.2 |
Birth order | ||||||
 1 | 61,807 | 32.4 | 3878 | 23.1 | 2497 | 40.4 |
 2 | 62,484 | 32.7 | 4442 | 26.4 | 2823 | 45.7 |
 3 | 33,064 | 17.3 | 3644 | 21.7 | 710 | 11.5 |
 4+ | 33,543 | 17.6 | 4858 | 28.9 | 151 | 2.4 |
Place of residence | ||||||
 Urban | 47,833 | 25.1 | 1780 | 10.6 | 2687 | 43.5 |
 Rural | 143,065 | 74.9 | 15,042 | 89.4 | 3494 | 56.5 |
Women’s education | ||||||
 Illiterate | 55,165 | 28.9 | 9223 | 54.8 | 343 | 5.6 |
 Primary | 26,712 | 14.0 | 2036 | 12.1 | 430 | 7.0 |
 Secondary | 88,871 | 46.6 | 4764 | 28.3 | 3978 | 64.4 |
 Higher | 20,150 | 10.6 | 799 | 4.8 | 1430 | 23.1 |
Religion | ||||||
 Hindu | 138,343 | 72.5 | 14,038 | 83.5 | 5534 | 89.5 |
 Muslim | 29,309 | 15.4 | 2767 | 16.5 | 323 | 5.2 |
 Others | 23,246 | 12.2 | 17 | 0.1 | 324 | 5.2 |
Caste | ||||||
 Scheduled Caste | 35,170 | 19.3 | 3747 | 22.5 | 1849 | 30.0 |
 Scheduled Tribe | 37,889 | 20.8 | 543 | 3.3 | 111 | 1.8 |
 Other Backward Class | 74,060 | 40.7 | 9980 | 59.8 | 4113 | 66.8 |
 Others | 34,705 | 19.1 | 2410 | 14.5 | 88 | 1.4 |
Wealth quintile | ||||||
 Poorest | 46,782 | 24.5 | 9191 | 54.6 | 201 | 3.3 |
 Poorer | 43,739 | 22.9 | 4004 | 23.8 | 933 | 15.1 |
 Middle | 38,393 | 20.1 | 2028 | 12.1 | 1914 | 31.0 |
 Richer | 33,212 | 17.4 | 1215 | 7.2 | 2042 | 33.0 |
 Richest | 28,772 | 15.1 | 384 | 2.3 | 1091 | 17.7 |
Exposure to mass media | ||||||
 No exposure | 49,374 | 25.9 | 9597 | 57.1 | 114 | 1.8 |
 Partial exposure | 126,910 | 66.5 | 6195 | 36.8 | 5022 | 81.3 |
 Full exposure | 14,614 | 7.7 | 1030 | 6.1 | 1045 | 16.9 |
Number of ANC visit | ||||||
 No visit | 33,642 | 17.8 | 7011 | 41.8 | 509 | 8.3 |
 1–3 | 65,964 | 34.9 | 7299 | 43.5 | 621 | 10.2 |
 4+ | 89,438 | 47.3 | 2458 | 14.7 | 4991 | 81.5 |
Place of delivery | ||||||
 Public sector | 105,615 | 71.7 | 8474 | 74.2 | 4069 | 66.6 |
 Private sector | 41,643 | 28.3 | 2946 | 25.8 | 2044 | 33.4 |
Pregnancy loss | ||||||
 No | 161,055 | 84.4 | 14,572 | 86.6 | 5306 | 85.8 |
 Yes | 29,843 | 15.6 | 2250 | 13.4 | 875 | 14.2 |
Delivery complications | ||||||
 No | 165,076 | 88.6 | 8135 | 48.4 | 1128 | 18.3 |
 Yes | 21,325 | 11.4 | 8687 | 51.6 | 5053 | 81.8 |