Table 1 Sample characteristics for the analytical sample
From: Willingness to bear economic costs of measures against SARS-CoV-2 in Germany
Wave 8 (2 days after end of first lockdown, April 21–22, 2020) | Wave 16 (No lockdown, few restrictions, July 7–8, 2020) | Wave 38 (Second lockdown, March 9–10, 2021) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total sample | Individuals with WTA = 0% (n = 346 individuals) | Individuals with WTA > 0% (n = 630 individuals) | p-value | Total sample | Individuals with WTA = 0% (n = 375 individuals) | Individuals with WTA > 0% (n = 602 individuals) | p-value | Total sample | Individuals with WTA = 0% (n = 413 individuals) | Individuals with WTA > 0% (n = 545 individuals) | p-value | |
Mean (SD)/n (%) | Mean (SD)/n (%) | Mean (SD)/n (%) | Mean (SD)/n (%) | Mean (SD) / n (%) | Mean (SD) / n (%) | |||||||
Sex: | .20 | .01 | .20 | |||||||||
Men | 470 (48.2%) | 153 (45.4%) | 313 (49.7%) | 479 (49.0%) | 165 (44.0%) | 314 (52.2%) | 475 (49.6%) | 195 (47.2%) | 280 (51.4%) | |||
Women | 506 (51.8%) | 189 (54.6%) | 317 (50.3%) | 498 (51.0%) | 210 (56.0%) | 288 (47.8%) | 483 (50.4%) | 218 (52.8%) | 265 (48.6%) | |||
Age category: | .34 | .09 | .01 | |||||||||
18 to 29 years | 159 (16.3%) | 48 (13.9%) | 111 (17.6%) | 178 (18.2%) | 56 (14.9%) | 122 (20.3%) | 172 (18.0%) | 55 (13.3%) | 117 (21.5%) | |||
30 to 49 years | 378 (38.7%) | 136 (39.3%) | 242 (38.4%) | 370 (37.9%) | 148 (39.5%) | 222 (36.9%) | 371 (38.7%) | 163 (39.5%) | 208 (38.2%) | |||
50 to 64 years | 289 (29.6%) | 102 (29.5%) | 187 (29.7%) | 271 (27.7%) | 115 (30.7%) | 156 (25.9%) | 273 (28.5%) | 127 (30.7%) | 146 (26.8%) | |||
65 years and over | 150 (15.4%) | 60 (17.3%) | 90 (14.3%) | 158 (16.2%) | 56 (14.9%) | 102 (16.9%) | 142 (14.8%) | 68 (16.5%) | 74 (13.6%) | |||
Children under 18 years: | .63 | .85 | .40 | |||||||||
No | 716 (73.4%) | 257 (74.3%) | 459 (72.9%) | 751 (76.9%) | 287 (76.5%) | 464 (77.1%) | 645 (67.3%) | 272 (65.9%) | 373 (68.4%) | |||
Yes | 260 (26.6%) | 89 (25.7%) | 171 (27.1%) | 226 (23.1%) | 88 (23.5%) | 138 (22.9%) | 313 (32.7%) | 141 (34.1%) | 172 (31.6%) | |||
Education: | <.01 | <.001 | <.01 | |||||||||
up to 9 years / 10 years and more (without general qualification for university entrance) | 428 (43.9%) | 172 (49.7%) | 256 (40.6%) | 456 (46.7%) | 205 (54.7%) | 251 (41.7%) | 417 (43.5%) | 200 (48.4%) | 217 (39.8%) | |||
10 years and more (with general qualification for university entrance) | 548 (56.1%) | 174 (50.3%) | 374 (59.4%) | 521 (53.3%) | 170 (45.3%) | 351 (58.3%) | 541 (56.5%) | 213 (51.6%) | 328 (60.2%) | |||
Town size: | .54 | .56 | .09 | |||||||||
Municipality/small town (1–20,000) | 369 (37.8%) | 135 (39.0%) | 234 (37.1%) | 362 (37.1%) | 146 (38.9%) | 216 (35.9%) | 357 (37.3%) | 170 (41.2%) | 187 (34.3%) | |||
Medium sized town (20,001 – 100,000) | 230 (23.6%) | 84 (24.3%) | 146 (23.2%) | 254 (26.0%) | 94 (25.1%) | 160 (26.6%) | 258 (26.9%) | 111 (26.9%) | 147 (27.0%) | |||
Small city (100,001 – 500,000) | 176 (18.0%) | 54 (15.6%) | 122 (19.4%) | 174 (17.8%) | 70 (18.7%) | 104 (17.3%) | 165 (17.2%) | 60 (14.5%) | 105 (19.3%) | |||
Big city (> 500,000) | 201 (20.6%) | 73 (21.1%) | 128 (20.3%) | 187 (19.1%) | 65 (17.3%) | 122 (20.2%) | 178 (18.6%) | 72 (17.4%) | 106 (19.4%) | |||
Region: | <.01 | <.01 | <.01 | |||||||||
West Germany | 833 (85.3%) | 281 (81.2%) | 552 (87.6%) | 819 (83.8%) | 299 (79.7%) | 520 (86.4%) | 797 (83.2%) | 328 (79.4%) | 469 (86.1%) | |||
East Germany | 143 (14.7%) | 65 (18.8%) | 78 (12.4%) | 158 (16.2%) | 76 (20.3%) | 82 (13.6%) | 161 (16.8%) | 85 (20.6%) | 76 (13.9%) | |||
Cases/100,000 population: | <.001 | .24 | .54 | |||||||||
Below median | 450 (46.1%) | 186 (53.8%) | 264 (41.9%) | 446 (45.7%) | 180 (48.0%) | 266 (44.2%) | 430 (44.9%) | 190 (46.0%) | 240 (44.0%) | |||
Above median | 526 (53.9%) | 160 (46.2%) | 366 (58.1%) | 531 (54.3%) | 195 (52.0%) | 336 (55.8%) | 528 (55.1%) | 223 (54.0%) | 305 (56.0%) | |||
Relationship/Marriage: | .34 | .22 | .44 | |||||||||
No | 300 (30.7%) | 113 (32.7%) | 187 (29.7%) | 334 (34.2%) | 137 (36.5%) | 197 (32.7%) | 289 (30.2%) | 130 (31.5%) | 159 (29.2%) | |||
Yes | 676 (69.3%) | 233 (67.3%) | 443 (70.3%) | 643 (65.8%) | 238 (63.5%) | 405 (67.3%) | 669 (69.8%) | 283 (68.5%) | 386 (70.8%) | |||
Living situation: | .08 | <.01 | .26 | |||||||||
Living alone | 244 (25.0%) | 98 (28.3%) | 146 (23.2%) | 251 (25.7%) | 116 (30.9%) | 135 (22.4%) | 231 (24.1%) | 107 (25.9%) | 124 (22.8%) | |||
At least 2 individuals in the same household | 732 (75.0%) | 248 (71.7%) | 484 (76.8%) | 726 (74.3%) | 259 (69.1%) | 467 (77.6%) | 727 (75.9%) | 306 (74.1%) | 421 (77.2%) | |||
Migration background: | .46 | .59 | <.01 | |||||||||
No | 840 (86.1%) | 294 (85.0%) | 546 (86.7%) | 842 (86.2%) | 326 (86.9%) | 516 (85.7%) | 794 (82.9%) | 358 (86.7%) | 436 (80.0%) | |||
Yes | 136 (13.9%) | 52 (15.0%) | 84 (13.3%) | 135 (13.8%) | 49 (13.1%) | 86 (14.3%) | 164 (17.1%) | 55 (13.3%) | 109 (20.0%) | |||
Self-employment: | .12 | .32 | .12 | |||||||||
No | 880 (90.2%) | 305 (88.1%) | 575 (91.3%) | 893 (91.4%) | 347 (92.5%) | 546 (90.7%) | 875 (91.3%) | 384 (93.0%) | 491 (90.1%) | |||
Yes | 96 (9.8%) | 41 (11.9%) | 55 (8.7%) | 84 (8.6%) | 28 (7.5%) | 56 (9.3%) | 83 (8.7%) | 29 (7.0%) | 54 (9.9%) | |||
Chronic disease: | .72 | <.01 | .05 | |||||||||
No | 633 (64.9%) | 227 (65.6%) | 406 (64.4%) | 604 (61.8%) | 212 (56.5%) | 392 (65.1%) | 602 (62.8%) | 245 (59.3%) | 357 (65.5%) | |||
Yes | 343 (35.1%) | 119 (34.4%) | 224 (35.6%) | 373 (38.2%) | 163 (43.5%) | 210 (34.9%) | 356 (37.2%) | 168 (40.7%) | 188 (34.5%) | |||
Affect regarding COVID-19 (from 1 to 7; higher values correspond to higher affect regarding COVID-19) | 4.3 (1.0) | 4.0 (1.1) | 4.5 (0.9) | <.001 | 4.1 (1.1) | 3.9 (1.3) | 4.2 (0.9) | <.001 | 4.3 (1.0) | 4.0 (1.2) | 4.5 (0.9) | <.001 |
Presumed severity of COVID-19 (from 1 to 7; higher values correspond to higher severity) | 4.0 (1.5) | 3.7 (1.6) | 4.1 (1.4) | <.001 | 4.1 (1.6) | 3.8 (1.7) | 4.2 (1.5) | <.001 | 4.1 (1.6) | 3.9 (1.7) | 4.3 (1.4) | <.001 |
Willingness to accept reduction of annual household income (%) | 3.3 (6.0) | 0 (0.0) | 5.1 (6.9) | <.001 | 2.9 (6.4) | 0 (0.0) | 4.6 (7.7) | <.001 | 4.3 (11.0) | 0 (0.0) | 7.5 (13.7) | <.001 |