How is the way we spend our time related to psychological wellbeing? A cross-sectional analysis of time-use patterns in the general population and their associations with wellbeing and life satisfaction

Tomczyk, Samuel; Altweck, Laura; Schmidt, Silke

doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11712-w

Table 3 Sociodemographic data, life satisfaction, and affective wellbeing across six latent profiles of daily time use (n = 30,152)

From: How is the way we spend our time related to psychological wellbeing? A cross-sectional analysis of time-use patterns in the general population and their associations with wellbeing and life satisfaction

		Leisure		Full-time work		Childcare		Part-time work & care		Education		Care
		M / n	SD / %	M / n	SD / %	M / n	SD / %	M / n	SD / %	M / n	SD / %	M / n	SD / %
Age (years)		58.64	18.75	43.24	12.60	36.41	8.53	52.03^a	16.13	25.54	9.33	50.38^a	17.45
Household income (€)		2491.82	1779.29	3711.54	2216.39	2768.42^a	2013.76	2722.50^a	1590.04	2780.31^a	2441.84	2864.89^a	1535.95
Number of children in household		0.48	1.09	0.78	1.07	2.42	1.35	1.04	1.49	0.88	1.28	1.62	1.85
Gender	(1 = female)	5365	52.64	6330^a	44.49	2335	87.32	539^b	67.63	967^a	45.94	112^b	71.79
Region	(1 = East)	2215^a	21.73	2980^a	20.94	437^b	16.34	175^a	21.96	285	13.54	30^{a, b}	19.23
Education	Low	7221	70.86	7771	54.61	1667	62.34	555	69.64	1772	84.18	121	77.56
	Medium	831^a	8.15	2207	15.51	285^b	10.66	86^b	10.79	123^c	5.84	15^{a, b, c}	9.62
	High	2139^a	20.99	4251	29.88	570^a	21.32	156^{a, b}	19.57	401^b	19.05	20	12.82
Employment	None	9184^a	90.12	248	1.74	2027^b	75.80	538	67.50	1900^a	90.26	124^b	79.49
	Part-time	883^a	8.66	3142^b	22.08	568^b	21.24	136	17.06	151^c	7.17	17^{a, c}	10.90
	Full-time	124^a	1.22	10,839	76.18	79^b	2.95	123	15.43	54^{a, b}	2.57	15	9.62
Marital status	(1 = married)	5953^a	58.41	7870	55.31	1919^b	71.77	528^c	66.25	210	9.98	106^{a, b, c}	67.95
Self-rated Health		3.17^a	1.07	3.63^b	0.89	3.68^b	0.99	3.28^c	1.04	4.05	0.94	3.15^{a, c}	0.98
Life Satisfaction	General	6.21^a	2.51	7.10^b	1.99	7.23^b	2.31	6.42^a	2.49	8.01^b	2.01	6.24^a	2.40
	Health	6.49^{a, b}	2.42	6.84^b	2.12	6.37^b	2.31	6.33^{a, c}	2.40	7.37	2.07	5.46^{b, c}	2.47
	Sleep	7.68^a	2.04	6.80	2.06	6.30^b	2.35	6.24^{a, b}	2.45	7.28	2.08	5.31^a	2.61
	Free time	7.95	1.97	7.93	1.81	8.27^a	1.79	7.69^a	2.06	8.06	1.81	7.62	1.94
	Family	7.15^a	1.98	7.56^a	1.53	7.56	1.81	7.15^b	1.85	7.53^c	1.70	6.94^{a, b, c}	1.86
Affective wellbeing		14.52	2.87	14.91^a	2.58	14.28	2.80	13.41^b	2.95	14.90^a	2.65	13.41^b	3.04
N		10,191		14,229		2674		797		2105		156

Note. ^a-c Means in a row without a common superscript letter differ (p < 0.05), as analysed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey HSD post-hoc test

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