Table 1 Means and standard deviations of the twelve components of the Urbanicity Scale from 2000 to 2015
Item | 2000 | 2004 | 2006 | 2009 | 2011 | 2015 | Skewness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | Range | |
Communication | 4.85 (1.18) | 5.71 (1.50) | 6.15 (1.43) | 6.77 (1.54) | 7.49 (1.56) | 6.84 (1.30) | −0.73 to − 0.26 |
Population density | 5.82 (1.40) | 5.92 (1.46) | 5.94 (1.47) | 5.98 (1.50) | 6.32 (1.56) | 6.16 (1.91) | −0.37 to 0.19 |
Diversity | 4.57 (1.17) | 4.73 (1.21) | 5.18 (1.28) | 5.45 (1.13) | 5.70 (1.29) | 5.69 (1.14) | −0.02 to 0.59 |
Economic activity | 4.71 (3.25) | 5.90 (3.28) | 6.53 (3.10) | 6.70 (3.24) | 7.57 (2.94) | 7.47 (3.05) | −0.93 to 0.42 |
Health structure | 5.64 (2.23) | 5.28 (2.33) | 5.03 (2.40) | 5.95 (2.57) | 5.92 (2.57) | 5.72 (2.71) | −0.56 to 0.04 |
Housing | 6.02 (2.67) | 6.59 (2.50) | 6.99 (2.33) | 7.63 (2.02) | 8.20 (1.77) | 8.26 (1.67) | −1.14 to 0.01 |
Traditional market | 6.00 (3.48) | 5.12 (3.67) | 4.86 (3.90) | 4.85 (3.47) | 4.87 (3.43) | 5.22 (3.53) | −0.36 to 0.12 |
Social services | 1.72 (1.10) | 3.00 (2.58) | 3.20 (2.74) | 3.74 (3.17) | 4.44 (3.30) | 4.68 (3.39) | 0.34 to 1.29 |
Transportation | 5.72 (2.47) | 5.91 (2.40) | 5.82 (2.57) | 5.97 (2.18) | 4.74 (2.06) | 6.16 (2.15) | −0.31 to − 0.04 |
Education | 3.38 (1.39) | 3.36 (1.38) | 3.44 (1.51) | 3.48 (1.46) | 4.05 (1.93) | 5.16 (1.47) | 0.60 to 1.41 |
Modern market | 4.76 (3.33) | 4.73 (3.03) | 4.60 (2.92) | 4.38 (2.89) | 4.62 (2.84) | 4.98 (2.85) | −0.20 to 0.12 |
Sanitation | 6.02 (3.20) | 6.49 (3.02) | 6.72 (2.95) | 6.90 (2.90) | 7.36 (2.72) | 7.31 (2.36) | −0.83 to − 0.16 |
Total score | 59.2 (18.3) | 62.7 (20.4) | 64.5 (20.5) | 67.8 (19.6) | 71.3 (19.5) | 73.7 (17.6) | −0.35 to 0.04 |