Table 1 Age-standardized DALY rates (per 100,000 population) of vision loss due to refraction disorders by GBD Super Region, 1990 and 2019, the Global Burden of Disease Study

High-income

56.14

57.52

57.2

38.29

41.87

40.26

16.36

14.36

15.55

1.49

1.29

1.39

54.14

55.76

55.14

37.7

41.26

39.58

15.27

13.46

14.45

1.17

1.04

1.1

High-income Asia Pacific

47.35

51.65

49.59

32.48

35.98

34.29

13.06

14.17

13.65

1.81

1.49

1.65

46.7

50.9

48.9

32.54

36.13

34.41

12.73

13.62

13.2

1.42

1.15

1.28

Western Europe

66.79

70.26

69.07

44.81

51.53

48.46

20.15

17.21

18.95

1.83

1.51

1.67

64.39

68.26

66.62

43.9

50.84

47.54

19.06

16.23

17.77

1.42

1.19

1.3

Australasia

51.99

53.86

53.06

38.4

41.5

40

12.43

11.35

11.98

1.17

1.01

1.09

52.35

53.68

53.06

38.98

41.93

40.45

12.4

10.91

11.7

0.97

0.83

0.9

High-income North America

42.5

40.65

41.82

29.71

30.21

30.05

12.02

9.67

11

0.77

0.76

0.77

42.12

40.52

41.44

29.95

30.31

30.18

11.44

9.44

10.52

0.72

0.77

0.74

Southern Latin America

77.37

75.6

76.85

53.64

54.01

54.05

21.8

19.72

20.9

1.93

1.87

1.89

72.19

70.63

71.72

51.46

51.87

51.87

19.28

17.32

18.42

1.45

1.44

1.44

Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia

79.75

65.74

74.03

59.02

50.35

55.34

19.65

14.11

17.52

1.09

1.28

1.18

76.88

63.94

71.24

57.62

49.33

53.91

18.21

13.49

16.25

1.04

1.12

1.08

Central Europe

56.7

43.15

50.7

44.42

33.94

39.74

11.71

8.75

10.44

0.57

0.46

0.52

55.28

42.35

49.4

43.2

33.25

38.64

11.56

8.66

10.28

0.52

0.44

0.49

Eastern Europe

91.73

78.71

86.47

67.12

60.91

64.3

23.61

16.18

20.89

1

1.63

1.28

89.1

76.67

83.7

66.33

60.01

63.36

21.92

15.33

19.27

0.85

1.33

1.07

Central Asia

76.97

71.19

74.29

55.12

48.49

52.18

19.23

20.78

19.79

2.62

1.91

2.32

72.54

66.6

69.75

52.55

46.35

49.72

17.6

18.54

17.94

2.4

1.71

2.09

Latin America and Caribbean

122.82

107.63

115.38

77.46

66.34

71.99

35.79

32.77

34.31

9.56

8.53

9.07

111.81

98.08

105.01

73.27

63.17

68.24

31.67

28.9

30.3

6.87

6.01

6.47

Andean Latin America

133.71

102.49

118.42

83.42

69.09

76.36

32.96

21.86

27.55

17.33

11.53

14.51

122.57

96.29

109.62

81

68.28

74.64

30.79

20.37

25.72

10.78

7.64

9.25

Caribbean

80.7

67.99

74.44

55.44

45.18

50.38

20.52

18.01

19.3

4.74

4.8

4.77

74.13

62.49

68.37

52.02

43.06

47.56

18.36

15.8

17.11

3.75

3.64

3.69

Central Latin America

117.66

106.41

112.15

71.07

59.78

65.56

35.36

37.91

36.57

11.22

8.72

10.03

103.28

94.12

98.66

65.98

55.76

60.94

30.07

32.28

31.03

7.22

6.08

6.7

Tropical Latin America

137.6

121.61

129.72

88.72

78.14

83.46

41.27

34.79

38.16

7.61

8.68

8.11

127.2

111.26

119.31

84.41

74.57

79.45

36.55

30.65

33.71

6.24

6.04

6.15

Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania

84.66

74.82

79.97

47.51

42.58

45.09

23.92

20.32

22.24

13.23

11.93

12.65

80.17

70.11

75.27

48.38

42.48

45.44

21.63

18.24

20.03

10.15

9.39

9.81

East Asia

83.27

70.8

77.36

43.59

37.89

40.82

25.3

19.86

22.76

14.37

13.05

13.77

79.86

66.81

73.49

45.15

37.84

41.5

23.24

18.12

20.79

11.47

10.84

11.2

Southeast Asia

84

85.67

84.61

55.6

55.36

55.35

18.76

22

20.22

9.64

8.31

9.04

72.76

73.42

72.88

51.02

50.45

50.61

15.15

17.5

16.2

6.59

5.47

6.08

Oceania

84.24

83.91

84.05

72.98

72.73

72.84

8.93

9.03

8.97

2.33

2.15

2.24

86.15

84.09

85.07

74.77

73.4

74.05

9.53

9.05

9.28

1.84

1.65

1.74

North Africa and Middle East

121.92

112.63

117.17

69.29

64.64

66.91

42.69

39.08

40.85

9.93

8.91

9.41

106.4

98.07

102.1

65.15

61.21

63.11

34.4

30.91

32.6

6.85

5.95

6.39

South Asia

233.65

202.19

217.17

126.18

112.68

119.06

69.26

57.81

63.28

38.21

31.71

34.83

164.42

150.29

157.24

97.92

91.4

94.5

48.02

41.45

44.77

18.48

17.44

17.97

Sub-Saharan Africa

64.57

62.47

63.48

33.53

32.54

33

23.02

22.1

22.54

8.03

7.83

7.93

64.06

61.52

62.82

34.78

33.24

34.03

22.47

21.28

21.9

6.81

7

6.89

Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa

61.27

63.01

62.09

29.71

29.58

29.63

22.53

23.86

23.16

9.03

9.58

9.3

54.31

55.87

55

28.12

27.81

27.94

19.15

20.3

19.68

7.04

7.76

7.39

Southern Sub-Saharan Africa

75.33

75.62

75.3

40.25

42.59

41.2

29.82

28.43

29.14

5.26

4.6

4.96

69.26

69.99

69.34

37.49

40.17

38.51

27.31

25.47

26.43

4.45

4.36

4.4

Western Sub-Saharan Africa

63.18

59.59

61.3

30.99

30.69

30.79

22.38

20.07

21.2

9.81

8.83

9.31

69.89

65.78

67.92

35.95

34.88

35.43

25

22.41

23.76

8.94

8.49

8.73

Central Sub-Saharan Africa

67.1

59.58

63.58

47.71

40.8

44.49

18.02

17.58

17.81

1.37

1.2

1.29

66.69

57.76

62.57

47.65

39.95

44.15

17.87

16.78

17.31

1.17

1.02

1.1