Fig. 4

Relative risk over time of first alleged offence by level and timing of CPS contact. Notes: 1. Adjusted for birth-cohort effects, maternal and birth characteristics and residential location of mother at time of birth. 2. * (no record of CPS contact before age 10); N* (one or more unsubstantiated notifications but no substantiations at age 0–4, only); S* (one or more substantiated notifications at age 0–4, only); *N (one or more unsubstantiated notifications but no substantiations at age 5–9, only); *S (one or more substantiated notifications at age 5–9, only); NN (one or more unsubstantiated notifications but no substantiations, at both age 0–4 and age 5–9); SN (one or more substantiated notifications at age 0–4 and unsubstantiated notifications at age 5–9); NS (one or more unsubstantiated notifications at age 0–4 and substantiated notifications at age 5–9); SS (one or more substantiated notifications at both age 0–4 and age 5–9). 3. For subgraphs, the lines involvement become green when the 95% confidence intervals include the null value of 1, in which the reference population is the children with no record of CPS contact before age 10