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Table 4 Summary of studies and their findings on the relationship between electronic media devices and sleep outcomes among 13–15-year-olds

From: Electronic media use and sleep in children and adolescents in western countries: a systematic review

Electronic media device

Measured at bedtime

Sleep outcomes

Study design

Quality Assessment

Delayed bedtime or sleep onset latency

Poor sleep quality

Short sleep duration

Daytime tiredness

  

Television

 Arora 2013

Yes

  

+

 

Cross-sectional

Moderate

 Brunetti 2016

No

  

–

0

Cross-sectional

Moderate

 Lange 2015

No

 

0

  

Cross-sectional

Moderate

 Poulain 2019

No

0

0

 

0

Cohort study

High

 Tavenier 2017

No

0

 

0

 

Cohort study

High

 Twenge 2017

No

  

+/0

 

Cross-sectional

Moderate

Video game (console)

 Arora 2013

Yes

  

+

 

Cross-sectional

Moderate

 Brunetti 2016

No

  

+/0

0

Cross-sectional

Moderate

 Lange 2015

No

 

+/0

  

Cross-sectional

Moderate

 Tavernier 2017

No

0

 

0

 

Cohort study

High

 Wallenius 2009

No

+/−

  

+

Cross-sectional

Moderate

Mobile phone/smartphone

 Arora 2013

Yes

  

+

 

Cross-sectional

Moderate

 Brunetti 2016

No

  

+

+

Cross-sectional

Moderate

 Foerster 2019

No

+

+/0

 

0

Cohort study

Moderate

 Lange 2015

No

 

0

  

Cross-sectional

Moderate

 Poulain 2019

No

0

0

 

0

Cohort study

High

 Tavernier 2017

No

0

 

+

 

Cohort study

High

Computer/internet

 Arora 2013

Yes

  

+

 

Cross-sectional

Moderate

 Brunetti 2016

No

  

+

+

Cross-sectional

Moderate

 Lange 2015

No

 

+/0

  

Cross-sectional

Moderate

 Nuutinen 2014

No

  

+

 

Cross-sectional

Moderate

 Poulain 2019

No

+

0

 

+

Cohort study

High

 Tavernier 2017

No

0

 

+

 

Cohort study

High

 Twenge 2017

No

  

+

 

Cross-sectional

Moderate

Social media

 Scott 2019

No

+

+

  

Cross-sectional

Moderate

 Tavernier 2017

No

0

 

0

 

Cohort study

High

 Twenge 2017

No

  

+

 

Cross-sectional

Moderate

 Van der Schuur 2019

No

+

  

+/0

Cohort study

Moderate

 Vernon 2015

No

 

+

  

Cross-sectional

Moderate

 Vernon 2017

No

 

+

  

Cohort study

Moderate

Total screen time

 Bickham 2018

No

  

+

 

Quasi-experimental

High

 Calamaro 2009

Yes

+

 

+

+

Cross-sectional

Moderate

 Das_Friebel 2018

Yes

0

0

0

0

RCT

High

 Foerster 2019

No

+

0

 

+

Cohort study

Moderate

 Lange 2015

No

 

+/0

  

Cross-sectional

Moderate

 Mazzer 2018

No

  

+

 

Cohort study

Moderate

 Ogunleye 2015

No

+

   

Cross-sectional

Moderate

 Ononogbu 2014

No

 

+

  

Cross-sectional

Moderate

 Parent 2016

No

 

+

0

 

Cross-sectional

Moderate

 Perrault 2019

Yes

+

 

+

 

Quasi-experimental

Moderate

 Twenge 2017

No

  

+

 

Cross-sectional

Moderate

 Van der Schuur 2018

No

 

0

 

0

Cohort study

Moderate

 Vandendriessche 2019

No

+

 

+

 

Cross-sectional

Moderate

Electronic media devices in the bedroom

 Calamaro 2009

   

0

 

Cross-sectional

Moderate

 Continente 2016

   

+/0

 

Cross-sectional

Moderate

  1. Note: 1st author and year. (+) Significant positive association; (0) No association; (−) Significant negative association; (+/0) refers to both a positive association and no association in different subgroups; (+/−) refers to both a positive association and a negative association in different subgroups