From: Electronic media use and sleep in children and adolescents in western countries: a systematic review
Electronic media device | Measured at bedtime | Sleep outcomes | Study design | Quality Assessment | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Delayed bedtime or sleep onset latency | Poor sleep quality | Short sleep duration | Daytime tiredness | Â | Â | ||
Television | |||||||
 Arora 2013 | Yes |  |  | + |  | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
 Brunetti 2016 | No |  |  | – | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
 Lange 2015 | No |  | 0 |  |  | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
 Poulain 2019 | No | 0 | 0 |  | 0 | Cohort study | High |
 Tavenier 2017 | No | 0 |  | 0 |  | Cohort study | High |
 Twenge 2017 | No |  |  | +/0 |  | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
Video game (console) | |||||||
 Arora 2013 | Yes |  |  | + |  | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
 Brunetti 2016 | No |  |  | +/0 | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
 Lange 2015 | No |  | +/0 |  |  | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
 Tavernier 2017 | No | 0 |  | 0 |  | Cohort study | High |
 Wallenius 2009 | No | +/− |  |  | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
Mobile phone/smartphone | |||||||
 Arora 2013 | Yes |  |  | + |  | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
 Brunetti 2016 | No |  |  | + | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
 Foerster 2019 | No | + | +/0 |  | 0 | Cohort study | Moderate |
 Lange 2015 | No |  | 0 |  |  | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
 Poulain 2019 | No | 0 | 0 |  | 0 | Cohort study | High |
 Tavernier 2017 | No | 0 |  | + |  | Cohort study | High |
Computer/internet | |||||||
 Arora 2013 | Yes |  |  | + |  | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
 Brunetti 2016 | No |  |  | + | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
 Lange 2015 | No |  | +/0 |  |  | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
 Nuutinen 2014 | No |  |  | + |  | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
 Poulain 2019 | No | + | 0 |  | + | Cohort study | High |
 Tavernier 2017 | No | 0 |  | + |  | Cohort study | High |
 Twenge 2017 | No |  |  | + |  | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
Social media | |||||||
 Scott 2019 | No | + | + |  |  | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
 Tavernier 2017 | No | 0 |  | 0 |  | Cohort study | High |
 Twenge 2017 | No |  |  | + |  | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
 Van der Schuur 2019 | No | + |  |  | +/0 | Cohort study | Moderate |
 Vernon 2015 | No |  | + |  |  | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
 Vernon 2017 | No |  | + |  |  | Cohort study | Moderate |
Total screen time | |||||||
 Bickham 2018 | No |  |  | + |  | Quasi-experimental | High |
 Calamaro 2009 | Yes | + |  | + | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
 Das_Friebel 2018 | Yes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | RCT | High |
 Foerster 2019 | No | + | 0 |  | + | Cohort study | Moderate |
 Lange 2015 | No |  | +/0 |  |  | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
 Mazzer 2018 | No |  |  | + |  | Cohort study | Moderate |
 Ogunleye 2015 | No | + |  |  |  | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
 Ononogbu 2014 | No |  | + |  |  | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
 Parent 2016 | No |  | + | 0 |  | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
 Perrault 2019 | Yes | + |  | + |  | Quasi-experimental | Moderate |
 Twenge 2017 | No |  |  | + |  | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
 Van der Schuur 2018 | No |  | 0 |  | 0 | Cohort study | Moderate |
 Vandendriessche 2019 | No | + |  | + |  | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
Electronic media devices in the bedroom | |||||||
 Calamaro 2009 |  |  |  | 0 |  | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
 Continente 2016 |  |  |  | +/0 |  | Cross-sectional | Moderate |