Electronic media use and sleep in children and adolescents in western countries: a systematic review

BMC Public Health

Table 1 Study characteristics of the 49 included studies in the systematic review

	n (%)
Geographic location
North America	18 (37)
Europe	23 (47)
Australia and New Zealand	5 (10)
Several western countries included	3 (6)
Age range
0–5 years	11 (22)
6–12 years	13 (27)
13–15 years	23 (47)
0–15 years^a	2 (4)
Study design
RCT study	3 (6)
Quasi-experimental study	2 (4)
Prospective cohort study	15 (31)
Cross-sectional study	29 (59)
Electronic media devices^b
Television	18 (37)
Video game	12 (25)
Mobile phone/smartphone	13 (27)
Computer/internet	14 (29)
Touchscreen/tablet	3 (6)
Social media	7 (14)
Total screen time	43 (21)
Electronic media devices in the bedroom	5 (10)
Media content (e.g., violent content)	1 (2)
Sleep outcome^c
Delayed bedtime/sleep onset latency	22 (45)
Poor sleep quality	19 (29)
Short sleep duration	36 (73)
Daytime tiredness	15 (31)

^aWe have predefined three age group categories. If a study included data on ages overlapping the defined age categories, we used the mean age to allocate the study to an age category. A few studies (n = 2) included a large age span
^bAs some articles examine several electronic media devices within the same study, this column does not add up to 100%
^cAs some articles examine several sleep outcomes within the same study, this column does not add up to 100%

ISSN: 1471-2458