Table 2 Results of Cox proportional hazards models (hazard ratio) on the determinants of infant mortality (0–11 months) in India, NFHS 2015–16
Bio-Demographic Factors | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Survival status of any preceding child’s | Hazard Ratio | Hazard Ratio | Hazard Ratio | Hazard Ratio |
Alive® | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Dead | 3.43*(3.3,3.57) | 2.63*(2.52,2.74) | 3.08*(2.96,3.21) | 2.42*(2.32,2.53) |
Sex of the child | ||||
Male® | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Female | 1.16*(1.12,1.20) | 1.15*(1.11,1.19) | ||
Maternal age at childbirth | ||||
< 18® | Ref. | Ref. | ||
18–34 | 0.85*(0.82,0.88) | 0.86*(0.83,0.89) | ||
35+ | 0.80*(0.67,0.97) | 0.83(0.69,1.00) | ||
Child’s Birth order | ||||
2® | Ref. | Ref. | ||
3 | 1.20*(1.15,1.25) | 1.11*(1.06,1.16) | ||
4+ | 1.53*(1.47,1.59) | 1.29*(1.24,1.34) | ||
Child’s Birth interval | ||||
< 19 months | Ref. | Ref. | ||
19–23 months | 0.61*(0.58,0.65) | 0.60*(0.57,0.64) | ||
24–35 months | 0.48*(0.46,0.5) | 0.47*(0.45,0.5) | ||
36+ months | 0.29*(0.27,0.3) | 0.29*(0.27,0.3) | ||
Multiple births | ||||
Single® | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Multiple | 4.56*(4.22,4.94) | 4.77*(4.41,5.17) | ||
Maternal socio-economic factors | ||||
Education | ||||
Illiterate® | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Primary | 0.88*(0.84,0.92) | 0.89*(0.85,0.93) | ||
Secondary | 0.71*(0.68,0.75) | 0.75*(0.72,0.79) | ||
Higher | 0.46*(0.39,0.54) | 0.54*(0.46,0.63) | ||
Religion | ||||
Hindu® | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Muslim | 0.95(0.91,1) | 0.89*(0.85,0.94) | ||
Others | 1.13*(1.06,1.21) | 1.09*(1.01,1.17) | ||
Caste | ||||
Deprived® | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Not-Deprived | 0.96*(0.92,1) | 0.98(0.94,1.02) | ||
Wealth Index | ||||
Poorest® | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Poorer | 0.93*(0.89,0.97) | 0.93*(0.88,0.97) | ||
Middle | 0.89*(0.85,0.94) | 0.88*(0.84,0.93) | ||
Richer | 0.83*(0.77,0.88) | 0.82*(0.77,0.88) | ||
Richest | 0.68*(0.62,0.74) | 0.70*(0.65,0.76) | ||
Type of Residence | ||||
Urban® | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Rural | 1.00(0.95,1.05) | 1.01(0.96,1.06) | ||
Regions | ||||
North® | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Central | 1.34*(1.27,1.41) | 1.33*(1.26,1.40) | ||
East | 0.9*(0.85,0.96) | 0.93*(0.87,0.99) | ||
North-East | 1.02(0.95,1.10) | 1.09*(1.01,1.17) | ||
West | 0.67*(0.61,0.74) | 0.67*(0.61,0.74) | ||
South | 0.72*(0.66,0.78) | 0.73*(0.67,0.8) | ||