VARIABLES | 2008 | 2013 | 2018 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mode 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||||
HR | CI | HR | CI | HR | CI | HR | CI | HR | CI | HR | CI | |
EAM | ||||||||||||
 Homogamy low (ref) | ||||||||||||
  Homogamy high | 0.66* | (0.47–0.94) | 0.75 | (0.54–1.04) | 0.59** | (0.41–0.85) | 0.58** | (0.40–0.84) | 0.43*** | (0.32–0.58) | 0.43*** | (0.32–0.57) |
  Hypergamy | 1.13 | (0.91–1.41) | 1.05 | (0.82–1.34) | 1.08 | (0.84–1.38) | 0.97 | (0.72–1.32) | 0.73** | (0.59–0.91) | 0.66** | (0.52–0.85) |
  Hypogamy | 0.83 | (0.55–1.26) | 0.67 | (0.41–1.08) | 0.69 | (0.41–1.15) | 0.64 | (0.38–1.08) | 0.73 | (0.46–1.14) | 0.66 | (0.42–1.03) |
Female (ref = male) | 0.93 | (0.81–1.07) | 0.93 | (0.81–1.07) | 0.92 | (0.78–1.08) | 0.92 | (0.78–1.08) | 0.99 | (0.86–1.14) | 0.99 | (0.86–1.14) |
Birth order | ||||||||||||
 Firstborn (ref) | ||||||||||||
  2-4th | 1.40** | (1.09–1.81) | 1.40** | (1.09–1.80) | 1.14 | (0.86–1.50) | 1.13 | (0.86–1.50) | 1.31* | (1.03–1.66) | 1.31* | (1.03–1.66) |
  5th+ | 3.86*** | (2.88–5.17) | 3.82*** | (2.85–5.11) | 3.08*** | (2.25–4.21) | 3.07*** | (2.24–4.20) | 3.93*** | (2.97–5.19) | 3.90*** | (2.95–5.15) |
Birth interval | ||||||||||||
 <  24 months (ref) | ||||||||||||
  > 24 months | 0.62*** | (0.53–0.74) | 0.62*** | (0.53–0.74) | 0.57*** | (0.47–0.69) | 0.57*** | (0.47–0.69) | 0.59*** | (0.50–0.69) | 0.59*** | (0.50–0.69) |
Perceived birth weight | ||||||||||||
 Small (ref) | ||||||||||||
  Average | 0.82 | (0.67–1.01) | 0.82 | (0.67–1.01) | 0.96 | (0.77–1.21) | 0.96 | (0.77–1.20) | 1.13 | (0.92–1.38) | 1.13 | (0.92–1.38) |
  Large | 0.79* | (0.64–0.97) | 0.78* | (0.64–0.96) | 0.84 | (0.67–1.05) | 0.83 | (0.66–1.04) | 0.97 | (0.78–1.20) | 0.97 | (0.78–1.20) |
Multiple births (ref = singleton) | 2.95*** | (2.06–4.21) | 2.92*** | (2.04–4.16) | 2.34*** | (1.47–3.73) | 2.33*** | (1.47–3.71) | 3.06*** | (2.23–4.20) | 3.06*** | (2.23–4.19) |
Place of delivery | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Medical (ref non-medical) | 0.82 | (0.65–1.04) | 0.83 | (0.66–1.05) | 0.89 | (0.68–1.16) | 0.89 | (0.69–1.16) | 0.83 | (0.67–1.04) | 0.84 | (0.68–1.05) |
Mother’s age (in years) | 1.05*** | (1.04–1.07) | 1.06*** | (1.04–1.07) | 1.05*** | (1.04–1.07) | 1.05*** | (1.04–1.07) | 1.07*** | (1.06–1.08) | 1.07*** | (1.06–1.08) |
No. of living children | 0.54*** | (0.51–0.59) | 0.54*** | (0.51–0.59) | 0.53*** | (0.49–0.58) | 0.53*** | (0.49–0.58) | 0.50*** | (0.47–0.54) | 0.50*** | (0.47–0.54) |
Mother is employed (ref = No) | 1.04 | (0.89–1.21) | 1.03 | (0.88–1.21) | 1.22* | (1.01–1.46) | 1.21* | (1.01–1.45) | 1.10 | (0.95–1.27) | 1.09 | (0.94–1.26) |
Source of drinking water | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Improved (ref = unimproved) | 1.03 | (0.86–1.23) | 1.03 | (0.86–1.23) | 0.97 | (0.81–1.15) | 0.97 | (0.81–1.15) | 0.99 | (0.85–1.15) | 0.99 | (0.86–1.15) |
Distance to a medical facility | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Not a problem (ref = problem) | 1.10 | (0.94–1.29) | 1.08 | (0.92–1.27) | 1.20* | (1.00–1.43) | 1.19 | (1.00–1.42) | 1.10 | (0.94–1.28) | 1.08 | (0.93–1.26) |
Household wealth index | 0.89 | (0.77–1.03) | 0.99 | (0.82–1.19) | 0.79** | (0.68–0.92) | 0.85 | (0.71–1.03) | 0.84** | (0.74–0.94) | 0.91 | (0.80–1.04) |
Christian (ref = Muslim) | 1.30* | (1.01–1.67) | 1.34* | (1.04–1.73) | 1.79*** | (1.28–2.51) | 1.83*** | (1.31–2.56) | 1.30 | (0.99–1.70) | 1.35* | (1.03–1.76) |
Geopolitical zone (ref = NC) | ||||||||||||
 Northeast | 1.31 | (0.99–1.73) | 1.32 | (1.00–1.74) | 1.51* | (1.10–2.08) | 1.52** | (1.11–2.09) | 1.11 | (0.85–1.45) | 1.11 | (0.85–1.45) |
 Northwest | 1.54** | (1.17–2.03) | 1.56** | (1.18–2.05) | 1.43* | (1.04–1.96) | 1.44* | (1.05–1.98) | 2.05*** | (1.61–2.62) | 2.06*** | (1.62–2.63) |
 Southeast | 1.58* | (1.10–2.27) | 1.56* | (1.09–2.25) | 2.38*** | (1.45–3.91) | 2.41*** | (1.47–3.95) | 0.92 | (0.59–1.43) | 0.96 | (0.61–1.51) |
 Southsouth | 1.31 | (0.92–1.87) | 1.31 | (0.92–1.88) | 1.95** | (1.23–3.10) | 1.98** | (1.24–3.15) | 0.74 | (0.43–1.27) | 0.77 | (0.45–1.32) |
 Southwest | 0.61* | (0.41–0.91) | 0.61* | (0.41–0.91) | 0.80 | (0.49–1.32) | 0.82 | (0.50–1.35) | 0.52** | (0.32–0.84) | 0.54* | (0.34–0.87) |
Rural (ref = urban) | 1.24 | (0.97–1.58) | 1.24 | (0.97–1.57) | 1.55** | (1.19–2.03) | 1.54** | (1.18–2.01) | 1.01 | (0.82–1.24) | 1.00 | (0.81–1.23) |
EAM # Wealth index | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Homogamy Low # wealth (ref) |  |  | 1.00 | (1.00–1.00) |  |  | 1.00 | (1.00–1.00) |  |  | 1.00 | (1.00–1.00) |
Homogamy high # wealth index |  |  | 0.68** | (0.51–0.90) |  |  | 0.84 | (0.60–1.17) |  |  | 0.75* | (0.59–0.95) |
Hypergamy # wealth index |  |  | 0.85 | (0.65–1.12) |  |  | 0.85 | (0.61–1.19) |  |  | 0.86 | (0.65–1.13) |
Hypogamy # wealth index |  |  | 1.30 | (0.85–1.97) |  |  | 0.85 | (0.44–1.65) |  |  | 0.78 | (0.47–1.30) |
Wald test | Â | Â | Chi (3) =11.09* 14,984 | Â | Â | Chi (3) =1.64 16,962 | Â | Â | Chi (3) =6.33 | |||
Observations | 14,984 | 16,962 | 19,318 | 19,318 |