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Table 3 Cox proportional regression showing the adjusted hazard ratio between educational assortative mating, child mortality: 2008–2018 Nigeria DHS

From: Trends in the association between educational assortative mating, infant and child mortality in Nigeria

VARIABLES

2008

2013

2018

Mode 1

Model 2

Model 1

Model 2

Model 1

Model 2

HR

CI

HR

CI

HR

CI

HR

CI

HR

CI

HR

CI

EAM

 Homogamy low (ref)

  Homogamy high

0.66*

(0.47–0.94)

0.75

(0.54–1.04)

0.59**

(0.41–0.85)

0.58**

(0.40–0.84)

0.43***

(0.32–0.58)

0.43***

(0.32–0.57)

  Hypergamy

1.13

(0.91–1.41)

1.05

(0.82–1.34)

1.08

(0.84–1.38)

0.97

(0.72–1.32)

0.73**

(0.59–0.91)

0.66**

(0.52–0.85)

  Hypogamy

0.83

(0.55–1.26)

0.67

(0.41–1.08)

0.69

(0.41–1.15)

0.64

(0.38–1.08)

0.73

(0.46–1.14)

0.66

(0.42–1.03)

Female (ref = male)

0.93

(0.81–1.07)

0.93

(0.81–1.07)

0.92

(0.78–1.08)

0.92

(0.78–1.08)

0.99

(0.86–1.14)

0.99

(0.86–1.14)

Birth order

 Firstborn (ref)

  2-4th

1.40**

(1.09–1.81)

1.40**

(1.09–1.80)

1.14

(0.86–1.50)

1.13

(0.86–1.50)

1.31*

(1.03–1.66)

1.31*

(1.03–1.66)

  5th+

3.86***

(2.88–5.17)

3.82***

(2.85–5.11)

3.08***

(2.25–4.21)

3.07***

(2.24–4.20)

3.93***

(2.97–5.19)

3.90***

(2.95–5.15)

Birth interval

 <  24 months (ref)

  > 24 months

0.62***

(0.53–0.74)

0.62***

(0.53–0.74)

0.57***

(0.47–0.69)

0.57***

(0.47–0.69)

0.59***

(0.50–0.69)

0.59***

(0.50–0.69)

Perceived birth weight

 Small (ref)

  Average

0.82

(0.67–1.01)

0.82

(0.67–1.01)

0.96

(0.77–1.21)

0.96

(0.77–1.20)

1.13

(0.92–1.38)

1.13

(0.92–1.38)

  Large

0.79*

(0.64–0.97)

0.78*

(0.64–0.96)

0.84

(0.67–1.05)

0.83

(0.66–1.04)

0.97

(0.78–1.20)

0.97

(0.78–1.20)

Multiple births (ref = singleton)

2.95***

(2.06–4.21)

2.92***

(2.04–4.16)

2.34***

(1.47–3.73)

2.33***

(1.47–3.71)

3.06***

(2.23–4.20)

3.06***

(2.23–4.19)

Place of delivery

            

Medical (ref non-medical)

0.82

(0.65–1.04)

0.83

(0.66–1.05)

0.89

(0.68–1.16)

0.89

(0.69–1.16)

0.83

(0.67–1.04)

0.84

(0.68–1.05)

Mother’s age (in years)

1.05***

(1.04–1.07)

1.06***

(1.04–1.07)

1.05***

(1.04–1.07)

1.05***

(1.04–1.07)

1.07***

(1.06–1.08)

1.07***

(1.06–1.08)

No. of living children

0.54***

(0.51–0.59)

0.54***

(0.51–0.59)

0.53***

(0.49–0.58)

0.53***

(0.49–0.58)

0.50***

(0.47–0.54)

0.50***

(0.47–0.54)

Mother is employed (ref = No)

1.04

(0.89–1.21)

1.03

(0.88–1.21)

1.22*

(1.01–1.46)

1.21*

(1.01–1.45)

1.10

(0.95–1.27)

1.09

(0.94–1.26)

Source of drinking water

            

Improved (ref = unimproved)

1.03

(0.86–1.23)

1.03

(0.86–1.23)

0.97

(0.81–1.15)

0.97

(0.81–1.15)

0.99

(0.85–1.15)

0.99

(0.86–1.15)

Distance to a medical facility

            

Not a problem (ref = problem)

1.10

(0.94–1.29)

1.08

(0.92–1.27)

1.20*

(1.00–1.43)

1.19

(1.00–1.42)

1.10

(0.94–1.28)

1.08

(0.93–1.26)

Household wealth index

0.89

(0.77–1.03)

0.99

(0.82–1.19)

0.79**

(0.68–0.92)

0.85

(0.71–1.03)

0.84**

(0.74–0.94)

0.91

(0.80–1.04)

Christian (ref = Muslim)

1.30*

(1.01–1.67)

1.34*

(1.04–1.73)

1.79***

(1.28–2.51)

1.83***

(1.31–2.56)

1.30

(0.99–1.70)

1.35*

(1.03–1.76)

Geopolitical zone (ref = NC)

 Northeast

1.31

(0.99–1.73)

1.32

(1.00–1.74)

1.51*

(1.10–2.08)

1.52**

(1.11–2.09)

1.11

(0.85–1.45)

1.11

(0.85–1.45)

 Northwest

1.54**

(1.17–2.03)

1.56**

(1.18–2.05)

1.43*

(1.04–1.96)

1.44*

(1.05–1.98)

2.05***

(1.61–2.62)

2.06***

(1.62–2.63)

 Southeast

1.58*

(1.10–2.27)

1.56*

(1.09–2.25)

2.38***

(1.45–3.91)

2.41***

(1.47–3.95)

0.92

(0.59–1.43)

0.96

(0.61–1.51)

 Southsouth

1.31

(0.92–1.87)

1.31

(0.92–1.88)

1.95**

(1.23–3.10)

1.98**

(1.24–3.15)

0.74

(0.43–1.27)

0.77

(0.45–1.32)

 Southwest

0.61*

(0.41–0.91)

0.61*

(0.41–0.91)

0.80

(0.49–1.32)

0.82

(0.50–1.35)

0.52**

(0.32–0.84)

0.54*

(0.34–0.87)

Rural (ref = urban)

1.24

(0.97–1.58)

1.24

(0.97–1.57)

1.55**

(1.19–2.03)

1.54**

(1.18–2.01)

1.01

(0.82–1.24)

1.00

(0.81–1.23)

EAM # Wealth index

            

Homogamy Low # wealth (ref)

  

1.00

(1.00–1.00)

  

1.00

(1.00–1.00)

  

1.00

(1.00–1.00)

Homogamy high # wealth index

  

0.68**

(0.51–0.90)

  

0.84

(0.60–1.17)

  

0.75*

(0.59–0.95)

Hypergamy # wealth index

  

0.85

(0.65–1.12)

  

0.85

(0.61–1.19)

  

0.86

(0.65–1.13)

Hypogamy # wealth index

  

1.30

(0.85–1.97)

  

0.85

(0.44–1.65)

  

0.78

(0.47–1.30)

Wald test

  

Chi (3) =11.09*

14,984

  

Chi (3) =1.64

16,962

  

Chi (3) =6.33

Observations

14,984

16,962

19,318

19,318

  1. Analyses are clustered at the household level
  2. CI = Confidence Interval
  3. ref. = Reference Group
  4. Model 1 adjusted for covariates, Model 2 added interaction term (EAM#wealth)
  5. (1) Homogamy low –both parents have at most primary school education
  6. (2) Homogamy high –both parents have at least secondary education
  7. (3) Hypergamy –the father has at least secondary and the mother has at most primary
  8. (4) Hypogamy –the father has at most primary and the mother has at least secondary
  9. *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05