Skip to main content

Table 1 Descriptive Statistics for all EMR Events at a Hospital Emergency Department, 2008–2014 (n = 180,829)

From: Provider Bias in prescribing opioid analgesics: a study of electronic medical Records at a Hospital Emergency Department

 

(Percent)

Number of EMR Events

Dependent Variable

 Prescribed opioida

(33.00)

59,717

Contextual Variables

 ED crowdingb (mean; SD)

13.92

6.08

Time of day

12 am-5:59 am (ref.)

(11.66)

21,070

6 am-11:59 am

(29.40)

53,166

12 pm-5:59 pm

(33.32)

60,257

6 pm-11:59 pm

(25.62)

46,336

Weekend

(26.43)

47,800

Year

2008

(14.20)

25,689

2009

(15.29)

27,651

2010

(14.27)

25,808

2011

(14.89)

26,919

2012

(14.37)

25,990

2013

(13.24)

23,945

2014

(13.73)

24,827

Prev. prescribed (#)c (median; IQR)

1

3

Demographic Variables

 Female

(56.93)

102,952

 Age (mean; SD)

44.81

16.85

Race

White (ref.)

(28.72)

51,925

Black

(59.77)

108,088

Latino

(7.25)

13,108

Asian

(1.00)

1819

Other

(3.26)

5889

Marital Status

Unmarried (ref.)

(53.28)

96,340

Married

(26.74)

48,345

Divorced

(8.97)

16,236

Widowed

(7.01)

12,667

Separated

(4.00)

7241

  1. Sample includes all EMR events representing 63,513 unique individuals; a Whether visit resulted in an opioid prescription. b Number of emergency department patients in last 4 h. c Number of opioids ever prescribed to patient during all previous emergency department visits. SD standard deviation, IQR interquartile range