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Table 3 Multilevel logistic modeling of women’s empowerment and demand for family planning satisfied using modern methods adjusting for socioeconomic characteristics

From: Empowerment and use of modern contraceptive methods among married women in Burkina Faso: a multilevel analysis

Regressions

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Women’s agency

aOR

95% CI

aOR

95% CI

aOR

95% CI

Participation in household decision-making (No)

 Maybe participation

1.30**

[1.11–1.53]

1.20*

[1.03–1.41]

1.09

[0.93–1.28]

Problems accessing healthcare (Maybe)

 No problems

1.62***

[1.36–1.93]

1.45***

[1.22–1.73]

1.27**

[1.06–1.51]

Attitudes toward domestic violence (Agree)

 Opposed

1.36***

[1.16–1.60]

1.23*

[1.04–1.46]

1.13

[0.95–1.35]

Community-level of gender equality

Violence and discrimination against women

  

1.0

[0.63–1.59]

0.91

[0.58–1.44]

Acceptance of domestic violence

 Early marriage

  

0.91

[0.42–1.96]

0.99

[0.45–2.16]

 Female genital mutilation

  

2.59***

[1.60–4.18]

2.46***

[1.52–3.99]

 Unpaid work

  

0.84

[0.61–1.16]

0.85

[0.61–1.19]

 Fertility expectations

  

0.70***

[0.60–0.82]

0.75***

[0.64–0.87]

Women’s rights and opportunities

 Asset ownership

  

1.67*

[1.10–2.53]

1.72*

[1.13–2.61]

 Secondary education

  

4.91***

[2.08–11.55]

1.98

[0.76–5.20]

 Exposure to family planning messages

  

2.95***

[1.83–4.74]

2.68***

[1.64–4.36]

 Contact with family planning health workers

  

1.40

[0.75–2.63]

1.43

[0.77–2.66]

Socioeconomic factors

Wealth (Poor)

  Middle

    

1.09

[0.87–1.35]

  Rich

    

1.68***

[1.35–2.08]

Residence (Rural)

  Urban

    

0.87

[0.65–1.16]

Women’s age (15–24)

  25–39

    

1.25*

[1.03–1.52]

  40–49

    

1.38**

[1.11–1.71]

Women’s education level (No education)

  Primary

    

1.26*

[1.17–1.85]

  Secondary & Higher

    

1.38**

[1.11–1.72]

Model statistics

  Log likelihood

 

− 2783.11

 

− 2682.2

 

− 2659.6

  Chi-square

 

60.4

 

276.9

 

335.6

Comparison to previous model

  Chi-square

   

201.7***

 

110.9***

  Degrees of freedom

   

9

 

7

Random variance

  ICC Null = 0.20 95% CI [0.16–0.24]

0.17

[0.14–0.22]

0.08

[0.06–0.12]

0.07

[0.05–0.12]

  Variance between clusters

Null: 0.82 95% CI [0.64–1.05]

0.70

[0.54–0.91]

0.29

[0.19–0.44]

0.28

[0.19–0.43]

  PVC (%)

15

 

65

 

66

 
  1. aOR Adjusted Odds Ratios, CI Confidence Interval, Intra-class correlation (ICC) measures the degrees of clustering with random intercepts. The correlation of the 2-level multilevel logistic regressions is calculated by σμ2/ [σμ2 + π2/3], where σμ2 denotes community- level variance; PVC Proportional Variance Change; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001