Table 1 Characteristics of study participants according to severity scores of processed feeding, Porto Alegre, 2011–2016
Variables | Total (n = 236) | Gravity score food (GSF) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Null (n = 28) | Mild (n = 74) | Moderate (n = 66) | Severe (n = 68) | p | ||
Family variables | ||||||
Family income (reais) * (median [25; 75]) | 1800 [1200; 2718] | 2750 [1500; 3126]a | 2.000 [1463; 2800]ab | 1.500 [1072; 2200]bc | 1.336 [0,976; 2313]c | < 0.001 |
Maternal education (years) (median [25; 75]) | 11.00 [8.00; 11.00] | 11.00 [10.25; 12.37]d | 11.00 [10.00; 11.00]d | 9.00 [7.00; 11.00]e | 8.50 [7.00; 11.00]e | < 0.001 |
Maternal age (years) (median [25; 75]) | 27.00 [21.00; 33.00] | 29.00 [25.00; 34.75]f | 28.50 [23.75; 33.00]f | 26.00 [21.00; 33.25]fg | 23.50 [19.00; 30,75]g | 0.003 |
Pre-gestational BMI (Kg/m2) * (median [25; 75]) | 25.0 [21.6; 28.9] | 22.52 [20.41; 26.82]h | 25.04 [21.68; 28.16]hi | 27.64 [22.97; 31.84]i | 24.43 [21.71; 26.99]hi | 0.010 |
Number of past pregnancies (n (%)) | ||||||
Primiparous | 92 (39.0) | 15 (53.57) | 30 (40.54) | 28 (42.42) | 19 (27.94) | 0.094 |
Multiparous | 144 (61.0) | 13 (46.43) | 44 (59.46) | 38 (57.57) | 49 (72.06) | |
Adverse intrauterine environments (n (%)) | ||||||
DM | 49 (20.8) | 7 (25.00) | 10 (13.51)A | 20 (30.30)B | 12 (17.65) | 0.013 |
HD | 25 (10.6) | 1 (3.57) | 11 (14.86) | 3 (4.55) | 10 (14.71) | |
Tobacco | 43 (18.2) | 7 (25.00) | 6 (8.11)A | 12 (18.18) | 18 (26.47)B | |
IUGR | 25 (10.6) | 3 (10.71) | 8 (10.81) | 5 (7.58) | 9 (13.24) | |
Control | 94 (39.8) | 10 (35.72) | 39 (52.71)B | 26 (39.39) | 19 (27.93)A | |
Infant variables | ||||||
Growth variables at birth (z-score) (mean (SD)) | ||||||
WHZ | 0.42 (1.09) | 0.52 (1.17) | 0.44 (0.90) | 0.56 (1.12) | 0.22 (1.22) | 0.319 |
BAZ | 0.15 (1.09) | 0.26 (1.19) | 0.22 (0.94) | 0.28 (1.03) | −0.1 (1.22) | 0.169 |
WAZ | −0.15 (1.06) | −0.11 (1.22) | −0.003 (0.96) | −0.12 (1.00) | −0.36 (1.12) | 0.235 |
Cow’s milk introduction (days) (median [25; 75]) | 60 [17; 120] | 27 [27; 27] | 90 [22; 157] | 90 [16; 133] | 60 [16; 90] | 0.109 |
Formula milk introduction (days) (median [25; 75]) | 22 [5; 81] | 10 [1; 103] | 15 [3; 90] | 16 [4; 81] | 30 [10; 75] | 0.282 |
Sex distribution (n (%)) | ||||||
Female | 128 (54.2) | 15 (53.6) | 46 (62.2) | 30 (45.5) | 37 (54.4) | 0.272 |
Male | 108 (45.8) | 13 (46.4) | 28 (37.8) | 36 (54.5) | 31 (45.6) | |
Pacifier at 6 months* (n (%)) | ||||||
No | 84 (35.9) | 16 (57.14) | 25 (34.25) | 24 (36.92) | 19 (27.94) | 0.058 |
Yes | 150 (64.1) | 12 (42.86) | 48 (65.75) | 41 (63.08) | 49 (72.06) | |
Bottle feeding at 6 months* (n (%)) | ||||||
No | 20 (8.5) | 5 (17.86) | 8 (10.96) | 3 (4.62) | 4 (5.88) | 0.136 |
Yes | 214 (91.5) | 23 (82.14) | 65 (89.04) | 62 (95.38) | 64 (94.12) | |