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Table 2 Factors associated with occurrence of diarrhoeal episodes in the household in the preceding two weeks

From: Diarrhoeal diseases in Soweto, South Africa, 2020: a cross-sectional community survey

 

Diarrhoeal episode in the household

n/N (%) c

Univariate d

Multivariate d, e

OR (95% CI)

p-value

OR (95% CI)

p-value

Dwelling type

     

 Formal

56/74 (75.7)

Referent

 Informal

18/74 (24.3)

1.6 (0.9–3.0)

0.135

  

Structure main material

     

 Brick

66/74 (89.2)

Referent

 Metal sheets

8/74 (10.8)

1.1 (0.5–2.6)

0.765

  

Home ownership

     

 Owned by residents

38/74 (51.4)

Referent

 Rented

27/74 (36.5)

1.7 (1.0–3.0)

0.071

  

 Government issued

9/74 (12.2)

0.9 (0.4–1.9)

0.718

  

Power source for cooking

     

 Electricity

74/74 (100.0)

Omitted

 

 Paraffin

0/74 (0)

    

Toilet type

     

 Flush toilet in yard

22/74 (29.7)

Referent

Referent

 Flush toilet in house

52/74 (70.3)

1.8 (1.0–3.1)

0.038

1.7 (1.0–3.0)

0.057

 Ventilated pit latrine

0/74 (0)

International Wealth Index

     

 Median (IQR)

85.6 (79.1–92.1)

1.0 (1.0–1.0)

0.827

Number of people living in the household

     

 Median (IQR)

5 (3-7)

1.1 (1.0–1.2)

0.004

Children < 5 years in the household

     

 No

42/78 (53.9)

Referent

 Yes

36/78 (46.1)

2.0 (1.2–3.4)

0.008

  

Children between 5 and 15 years in the household

 No

29/78 (37.2)

Referent

Referent

 Yes

49/78 (62.8)

2.3 (1.4–3.9)

0.002

2.3 (1.3–3.9)

0.002

Handwashing a

 Adequate

24/78 (30.8)

Referent

Referent

 Inadequate

54/78 (69.2)

1.8 (1.0–3.0)

0.039

1.7 (1.0–3.0)

0.064

Consume fresh fruit and vegetables b

     

 Never

3/77 (3.9)

Referent

 Occasionally

24/77 (31.2)

0.5 (0.1–2.1)

0.307

  

 Often

50/77 (64.9)

0.4 (0.1–1.8)

0.236

  

Consume meat b

     

 Never

3/78 (3.9)

Referent

 Occasionally

28/78 (35.9)

1.4 (0.4–5.2)

0.617

  

 Often

47/78 (60.3)

1.2 (0.3–4.2)

0.815

  

Consume dairy b

     

 Never

10/77 (13.0)

Referent

 Occasionally

28/77 (36.4)

1.2 (0.5–2.8)

0.710

  

 Often

39/77 (50.7)

0.8 (0.3–1.7)

0.520

  

Consume eggs b

     

 Never

16/77 (20.8)

Referent

 Occasionally

26/77 (33.8)

0.7 (0.4–1.5)

0.420

  

 Often

35/77 (45.5)

0.7 (0.3–1.3)

0.224

  

Consume ready-to-eat meat products b

     

 Never

21/77 (27.3)

Referent

 Occasionally

28/77 (36.4)

1.4 (0.7–2.7)

0.341

  

 Often

28/77 (36.4)

1.4 (0.7–2.6)

0.391

  

Consume take-aways b

     

 Never

28/77 (36.4)

Referent

 Occasionally

39/77 (50.7)

1.3 (0.8–2.3)

0.313

  

 Often

10/77 (13.0)

1.8 (0.8–4.1)

0.182

  

Eat at restaurants b

     

 Never

48/78 (61.5)

Referent

 Occasionally

28/78 (35.9)

1.0 (0.6–1.7)

0.937

  

 Often

2/78 (2.6)

1.3 (0.2–6.5)

0.771

  

Purchase meat

     

 Informal

2/78 (2.6)

Referent

 

 Commercial

76/78 (97.4)

1.9 (0.4–8.5)

0.408

  

Purchase fruit and vegetables

     

 Informal

39/76 (51.3)

Referent

 Commercial

37/76 (48.7)

1.2 (0.7–2.0)

0.451

  

Fridge/freezer storage

     

 No

2/78 (2.6)

Referent

 Yes

76/78 (97.4)

1.2 (0.3–5.7)

0.822

  

Separate raw and cooked food

     

 No

1/78 (1.3)

Referent

 Yes

77/78 (98.7)

2.8 (0.4–22.0)

0.336

  

Treat drinking water

     

 No

67/78 (85.9)

Referent

 Yes

11/78 (14.1)

1.6 (0.7–3.5)

0.251

  

Water storage

     

 None (straight from tap)

47/78 (60.3)

Referent

 Closed container

29/78 (37.2)

1.1 (0.7–1.9)

0.658

  

 Open container

2/78 (2.6)

1.6 (0.3–8.3)

0.600

  

Interruptions to water supply in the past 2 weeks

     

 No

69/76 (90.8)

Referent

 Yes

7/76 (9.2)

0.7 (0.3–1.7)

0.393

  
  1. a Adequate defined as washing with soap and water at critical times (after using the toilet or changing diapers, and before preparing food, eating or feeding young children); b Occasionally defined as once/twice per week, and often defined as every day or every second day. c Denominator differs due to missing responses for some households (maximum of 78 households that experienced at least one episode of diarrhoea in the past two weeks); d Univariate and multivariate analysis using only the 355 households that could be matched to HDSS data. e The following variables were assessed in the multivariate model: number of people living in the household, dwelling type, home ownership, toilet type, children < 5 years in the household, children between 5 and 15 years in the household and handwashing. The following variables were retained in the model: toilet type, children between 5 and 15 years in the household and handwashing