From: Diarrhoeal diseases in Soweto, South Africa, 2020: a cross-sectional community survey
Diarrhoeal episode in the household n/N (%) c | Univariate d | Multivariate d, e | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | ||
Dwelling type | |||||
Formal | 56/74 (75.7) | Referent | – | – | – |
Informal | 18/74 (24.3) | 1.6 (0.9–3.0) | 0.135 | ||
Structure main material | |||||
Brick | 66/74 (89.2) | Referent | – | – | – |
Metal sheets | 8/74 (10.8) | 1.1 (0.5–2.6) | 0.765 | ||
Home ownership | |||||
Owned by residents | 38/74 (51.4) | Referent | – | – | – |
Rented | 27/74 (36.5) | 1.7 (1.0–3.0) | 0.071 | ||
Government issued | 9/74 (12.2) | 0.9 (0.4–1.9) | 0.718 | ||
Power source for cooking | |||||
Electricity | 74/74 (100.0) | Omitted | – | – | |
Paraffin | 0/74 (0) | ||||
Toilet type | |||||
Flush toilet in yard | 22/74 (29.7) | Referent | – | Referent | – |
Flush toilet in house | 52/74 (70.3) | 1.8 (1.0–3.1) | 0.038 | 1.7 (1.0–3.0) | 0.057 |
Ventilated pit latrine | 0/74 (0) | – | – | – | – |
International Wealth Index | |||||
Median (IQR) | 85.6 (79.1–92.1) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 0.827 | – | – |
Number of people living in the household | |||||
Median (IQR) | 5 (3-7) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 0.004 | – | – |
Children < 5 years in the household | |||||
No | 42/78 (53.9) | Referent | – | – | – |
Yes | 36/78 (46.1) | 2.0 (1.2–3.4) | 0.008 | ||
Children between 5 and 15 years in the household | |||||
No | 29/78 (37.2) | Referent | – | Referent | – |
Yes | 49/78 (62.8) | 2.3 (1.4–3.9) | 0.002 | 2.3 (1.3–3.9) | 0.002 |
Handwashing a | |||||
Adequate | 24/78 (30.8) | Referent | – | Referent | – |
Inadequate | 54/78 (69.2) | 1.8 (1.0–3.0) | 0.039 | 1.7 (1.0–3.0) | 0.064 |
Consume fresh fruit and vegetables b | |||||
Never | 3/77 (3.9) | Referent | – | – | – |
Occasionally | 24/77 (31.2) | 0.5 (0.1–2.1) | 0.307 | ||
Often | 50/77 (64.9) | 0.4 (0.1–1.8) | 0.236 | ||
Consume meat b | |||||
Never | 3/78 (3.9) | Referent | – | – | – |
Occasionally | 28/78 (35.9) | 1.4 (0.4–5.2) | 0.617 | ||
Often | 47/78 (60.3) | 1.2 (0.3–4.2) | 0.815 | ||
Consume dairy b | |||||
Never | 10/77 (13.0) | Referent | – | – | – |
Occasionally | 28/77 (36.4) | 1.2 (0.5–2.8) | 0.710 | ||
Often | 39/77 (50.7) | 0.8 (0.3–1.7) | 0.520 | ||
Consume eggs b | |||||
Never | 16/77 (20.8) | Referent | – | – | – |
Occasionally | 26/77 (33.8) | 0.7 (0.4–1.5) | 0.420 | ||
Often | 35/77 (45.5) | 0.7 (0.3–1.3) | 0.224 | ||
Consume ready-to-eat meat products b | |||||
Never | 21/77 (27.3) | Referent | – | – | – |
Occasionally | 28/77 (36.4) | 1.4 (0.7–2.7) | 0.341 | ||
Often | 28/77 (36.4) | 1.4 (0.7–2.6) | 0.391 | ||
Consume take-aways b | |||||
Never | 28/77 (36.4) | Referent | – | – | – |
Occasionally | 39/77 (50.7) | 1.3 (0.8–2.3) | 0.313 | ||
Often | 10/77 (13.0) | 1.8 (0.8–4.1) | 0.182 | ||
Eat at restaurants b | |||||
Never | 48/78 (61.5) | Referent | – | – | – |
Occasionally | 28/78 (35.9) | 1.0 (0.6–1.7) | 0.937 | ||
Often | 2/78 (2.6) | 1.3 (0.2–6.5) | 0.771 | ||
Purchase meat | |||||
Informal | 2/78 (2.6) | Referent | – | – | |
Commercial | 76/78 (97.4) | 1.9 (0.4–8.5) | 0.408 | ||
Purchase fruit and vegetables | |||||
Informal | 39/76 (51.3) | Referent | – | – | – |
Commercial | 37/76 (48.7) | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 0.451 | ||
Fridge/freezer storage | |||||
No | 2/78 (2.6) | Referent | – | – | – |
Yes | 76/78 (97.4) | 1.2 (0.3–5.7) | 0.822 | ||
Separate raw and cooked food | |||||
No | 1/78 (1.3) | Referent | – | – | – |
Yes | 77/78 (98.7) | 2.8 (0.4–22.0) | 0.336 | ||
Treat drinking water | |||||
No | 67/78 (85.9) | Referent | – | – | – |
Yes | 11/78 (14.1) | 1.6 (0.7–3.5) | 0.251 | ||
Water storage | |||||
None (straight from tap) | 47/78 (60.3) | Referent | – | – | – |
Closed container | 29/78 (37.2) | 1.1 (0.7–1.9) | 0.658 | ||
Open container | 2/78 (2.6) | 1.6 (0.3–8.3) | 0.600 | ||
Interruptions to water supply in the past 2 weeks | |||||
No | 69/76 (90.8) | Referent | – | – | – |
Yes | 7/76 (9.2) | 0.7 (0.3–1.7) | 0.393 |