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Table 3 Odds Ratios for Hospitalization among SARS-CoV-2 Positive Non-Hispanic Black (vs. Non-Hispanic White) and Hispanic (vs. Non-Hispanic) Patients

From: Disparities in COVID-19 hospitalizations and mortality among black and Hispanic patients: cross-sectional analysis from the greater Houston metropolitan area

 

Model 1

OR (95% CI)a

(n = 6395)

Model 2

OR (95% CI)a

(n = 6345)

Model 3

OR (95% CI)a

(n = 6344)

Model AICb

6291.8

6204.9

5804.8

Non-Hispanic Black (vs. NHW)

1.74 (1.53, 1.98)

1.61 (1.41, 1.84)

1.42 (1.24, 1.63)

Age, in 5-year units

1.30 (1.27, 1.34)

1.31 (1.28, 1.34)

1.18 (1.15, 1.22)

Female (vs. Male)

0.64 (0.57, 0.72)

0.63 (0.56, 0.71)

0.63 (0.55, 0.71)

Insurance Type

 Commercial

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Medicare

1.66 (1.39, 1.98)

1.58 (1.32, 1.89)

1.14 (0.94, 1.39)

 Medicaid

2.34 (1.72, 3.15)

2.22 (1.63, 3.00)

2.05 (1.48, 2.83)

 Self-Pay

0.98 (0.81, 1.17)

0.94 (0.78, 1.13)

1.25 (1.03, 1.52)

Residence: Low Income ZIP Codec

 

1.51 (1.32, 1.72)

1.41 (1.23, 1.62)

Residence: Population Dense ZIPd

 

0.89 (0.78, 1.01)

0.96 (0.84, 1.10)

Charlson Comorbidity Index Score

  

1.15 (1.12, 1.19)

Obesity

  

1.50 (1.29, 1.74)

Hypertension

  

1.77 (1.51, 2.07)

Smoking (Current/Former)

  

0.94 (0.80, 1.10)

 

Model 1

OR (95% CI)a

(n = 11,720)

Model 2

OR (95% CI)a

(n = 11,645)

Model 3

OR (95% CI)a

(n = 11,642)

Model AICb

11,692

11,520

10,858

Hispanic (vs. Non-Hispanic)

1.57 (1.43, 1.73)

1.47 (1.33, 1.61)

1.61 (1.46, 1.78)

Age, in 5-year units

1.30 (1.28, 1.33)

1.31 (1.29, 1.33)

1.21 (1.18, 1.23)

Female (vs. Male)

0.63 (0.57, 0.68)

0.62 (0.56, 0.67)

0.58 (0.53, 0.64)

Insurance Type

 Commercial

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Medicare

1.70 (1.48, 1.95)

1.63 (1.42, 1.87)

1.23 (1.06, 1.42)

 Medicaid

3.05 (2.49, 3.72)

2.88 (2.35, 3.52)

2.80 (2.26, 3.46)

 Self-Pay

1.14 (1.02, 1.29)

1.09 (0.97, 1.23)

1.45 (1.28, 1.65)

Residence: Low Income ZIPc

 

1.56 (1.42, 1.72)

1.48 (1.34, 1.64)

Residence: Population Dense ZIPd

 

1.00 (0.91, 1.10)

1.07 (0.97, 1.18)

Charlson Comorbidity Index Score

  

1.12 (1.10, 1.15)

Obesity

  

1.62 (1.45, 1.82)

Hypertension

  

1.67 (1.49, 1.87)

Smoking (Current/Former)

  

0.86 (0.77, 0.98)

  1. a Adjusted Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals for association between individual co-variates and hospitalization among confirmed COVID-19 cases
  2. b Model Akaike information criterion (AIC)
  3. c Low income classified as ZIP codes in the 2 lowest pentiles for median house income
  4. d High population density classified as ZIP codes in the 2 highest pentiles for population density