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Table 3 Adjusted Odd Ratios of Reach, Engagement and Effectiveness by Participant- and Setting-level characteristics in Community Lifestyle Change Programs to Prevent Diabetes in a Multistate Referral Registry (2015–2018)

From: Reach, engagement and effectiveness of in-person and online lifestyle change programs to prevent diabetes

 

Reach

Enrolled/ Referred

Engagement

> 9 weeks Engagedd by Week 26 / Enrolled

Effectiveness

> 5% weight loss/Enrolled

 

Online

n = 10,906/19,377

AORa (95%CI)

In-Person

n = 3243/6351

AORa (95%CI)

Online

n = 4973/10,906

AORb (95%CI)

In-Person

n = 2130/3243

AORb (95%CI)

Online

n = 2524/10,906

AORc (95%CI)

In-Person

n = 1123/3243

AORc (95%CI)

Participant

 Age (ref > 65)

  18-44

2.02 (1.81–2.25)***

0.94 (0.78–1.13)

0.39 (0.33–0.45)***

0.38 (0.29–0.50)***

0.67 (0.56–0.80)***

0.74 (0.55–0.98)*

  45–64

1.55 (1.40–1.71)***

1.04 (0.89–1.23)

0.72 (0.62–0.84)***

0.75 (0.58–0.97)*

0.80 (0.68–0.94)**

0.66 (0.51–0.84)**

  Sex (ref male)

1.24 (1.16–1.32)***

1.77 (1.52–2.05)***

1.18 (1.08–1.29)*

1.03 (0.82–1.31)

0.95 (0.86–1.06)

0.63 (0.49–0.81)***

 Race (ref white)

  African American

0.97 (0.85–1.11)

0.71 (0.57–0.87)***

0.95 (0.80–1.13)

0.47 (0.35–0.65)***

0.80 (0.65–0.99)*

0.60 (0.41–0.87)**

  Asian American

0.78 (0.64–0.88)**

0.46 (0.32–0.66)***

0.90 (0.71–1.16)

0.65 (0.35–1.21)

0.93 (0.71–1.22)

0.47 (0.21–1.08)

  Native American

0.86 (0.62–1.19)

0.70 (0.26–1.85)

0.81 (0.51–1.26)

1.30 (0.35–4.89)

0.69 (0.39–1.23)

1.08 (0.32–3.65)

  Othere

0.80 (0.72–0.87)***

0.79 (0.67–0.93)**

0.90 (0.80–1.02)

0.96 (0.77–1.21)

0.90 (− 0.77–1.04)

1.02 (0.80–1.31)

 Ethnicity (ref non-Latino)

  Latino

1.08 (0.95–1.22)

0.90 (0.74–1.10)

0.87 (0.74–1.02)

0.68 (0.51–0.91)

0.92 (0.76–1.11)

0.86 (0.63–1.18)

  BMI (ref Overweight)

    

  Obese

0.88 (0.80–0.95)**

1.06 (0.89–1.26)

0.99 (0.90–1.10)

1.09 (0.91–1.31)

Setting

 Region (Ref California)

  Florida

1.10 (1.01–1.19)*

1.31 (1.15–1.49)***

0.92 (0.83–1.02)

0.86 (0.71–1.03)

1.07 (.091–1.25)

1.17 (0.85–1.49)

  Colorado

2.06 (1.67–2.54)***

1.62 (1.27–2.06)***

1.09 (0.86–1.39)

1.20 (0.89–1.62)

0.79 (0.58–1.07)

0.93 (0.75–1.17)

  Other

1.22 (1.08–1.36)**

1.19 (0.85–1.67)

1.06 (0.92–1.23)

0.86 (0.53–1.38)

1.18 (0.99–1.40)

0.90 (0.74–1.11)

 Income (ref: high quartile)f

  < 40,000

0.93 (0.84–1.03)

0.96 (0.80–1.15)

0.98 (0.86–1.12)

1.05 (0.81–1.36)

1.07 (0.91–1.25)

1.13 (0.85–1.49)

  40,001-50,000

1.02 (0.94–1.11)

0.99 (0.85–1.14)

0.94 (0.85–1.06)

1.04 (0.84–1.28)

1.04 (0.92–1.19)

0.93 (0.75–1.17)

  50,001-63,000

1.02 (0.94–1.10)

0.97 (0.85–1.11)

0.96 (0.87–1.07)

0.96 (0.80–1.16)

0.96 (0.85–1.09)

0.90 (0.74–1.11)

 Rurality (ref Urban)g

  Suburban

1.10 (0.97–1.24)

1.01 (0.80–1.26)

1.16 (0.99–1.36)

0.95 (0.69–1.32)

1.09 (0.91–1.31)

0.86 (0.61–1.23)

  Rural

1.12 (1.00–1.24)*

1.42(1.11–1.83)**

1.13 (0.99–1.30)

1.22 (0.87–1.72)

1.10 (0.94–1.29)

1.32 (0.93–1.88)

  1. ***p < 0.001 ** p < 0.01 *p < 0.05 Baseline BMI > 30 kg/m2 Body Mass Index, AOR Adjusted Odds Ratio
  2. a Adjusted for age, sex, race, ethnicity, region, income, rural/urban, registration date and program
  3. b Adjusted for age, sex, race, ethnicity, baseline BMI category, region, income, rural/urban, registration date and program
  4. c Adjusted for age, sex, race, ethnicity, baseline BMI category, region, income, rural/urban, registration date, program weeks attended and program
  5. dEngaged measured by platform: online: composite of curriculum delivery, health coach interaction, peer support and self-tracking that is measured equivalent of in-person hour attendance and agreed upon between the payer and program; In-person: physical attendance of hour long weekly session
  6. e Includes Multiracial and Not Reported. Hawaiian/Pacific Islander not reported given small sample size
  7. fHousehold income estimates based on participant zip codes using Zip Code Tabulation Area median household incomes from the US Census Data
  8. gRurality estimates based on participant zip codes using the Rural–Urban Commuting Area Codes (RUCA) which uses 2010 census data on the basis of population density, urbanization, and daily commuting pattern