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Table 4 Multivariable logistic regression of factors associated with decision-making and ownership (n = 13,558 in PDHS 2012–13 and n = 15,068 in PDHS 2017–18)

From: Determinants of women’s empowerment in Pakistan: evidence from Demographic and Health Surveys, 2012–13 and 2017–18

 

PDHS 2012–13

PDHS 2017–18

Decision-making

Ownership

Decision-making

Ownership

AOR

95% CI

AOR

95% CI

AOR

95% CI

AOR

95% CI

Lower

Upper

 

Lower

Upper

 

Lower

Upper

 

Lower

Upper

Age in years

 15–19 (reference)

  20–24

1.03*

0.59

2.15

0.740

0.58

0.94

1.40*

1.09

1.79

1.07

0.58

1.96

  25–29

2.42***

2.2

2.66

0.74

0.59

0.94

1.94***

1.52

2.47

1.49

0.83

2.67

  30–34

3.00***

1.54

5.86

0.85

0.67

1.08

2.71***

2.12

3.47

1.32

0.72

2.42

  35–39

4.26***

2.15

8.43

0.98*

0.78

1.24

2.97***

2.32

3.82

2.48*

1.37

4.49

  40–44

3.90***

3.38

4.55

1.09*

0.86

1.38

3.67***

2.83

4.76

2.14*

1.15

4.21

  45–49

4.51***

2.31

9.26

1.2**

0.94

1.52

4.82***

3.7

6.29

3.72***

2.01

6.91

Type of place of residence

 Rural (reference)

  Urban

0.69***

0.63

0.77

1.35***

1.19

1.52

0.92***

0.91

0.94

0.99

0.95

1.03

Sex of household head

 Male (reference)

  Female

2.09***

1.79

2.44

1.07

0.89

1.28

2.52***

2.21

2.87

1.18

0.89

1.56

Wealth index

 Poorest (reference)

  Poorer

1.39***

1.23

1.59

1.40***

1.19

1.66

1.24***

1.10

1.41

1.09

0.74

1.61

  Middle

1.47***

1.29

1.69

1.37**

1.14

1.64

1.41***

1.23

1.61

1.60*

1.09

2.36

  Richer

1.30***

1.13

1.52

1.57***

1.28

1.91

1.57***

1.36

1.82

1.73*

1.15

2.59

  Richest

1.16

0.98

1.38

2.70***

2.16

3.37

1.73***

1.48

2.03

2.19***

1.43

3.34

Occupation of respondent

 Unemployed (reference)

  Unskilled

1.27*

1.43

2.04

1.34***

1.09

2.01

1.94***

1.66

2.28

1.03

0.67

1.59

  Skilled

1.51***

1.26

2.01

1.13***

1.01

1.29

1.44***

1.22

1.70

1.19

0.8

1.78

  Managerial

2.01***

1.33

2.21

1.91***

1.45

2.32

2.08***

1.67

2.59

1.63**

1.19

2.27

Number of children

 No children (reference)

  1–3 children

2.15***

1.89

2.45

1.13

0.95

1.33

1.22*

1.07

1.39

0.84

0.64

1.11

  4–6 children

2.99***

2.59

3.47

1.1

0.91

1.33

1.09*

0.95

1.27

0.74

0.54

1.03

  7–9 children

2.29***

1.91

2.76

1.09

0.86

1.38

0.72**

0.59

0.88

0.83

0.52

1.33

   ≥ 10 children

1.68**

1.17

2.42

1.25

0.77

2.02

0.67*

0.46

0.99

0.92

0.35

2.42

Respondent’s education

 No education (reference)

  Primary

1.19**

1.06

1.35

1.01

0.86

1.19

1.55***

1.38

1.75

2.04***

1.53

2.72

  Secondary

1.45***

1.29

1.64

1.25**

1.08

1.46

1.65***

1.47

1.86

1.49***

1.11

2.01

  Higher

2.01***

1.73

2.34

1.51***

1.26

1.81

2.23***

1.91

2.61

2.08***

1.48

2.91

Husband’s education

 No education (reference)

  Primary

0.94

0.41

3.24

0.89

0.76

1.04

1.07

0.94

1.21

1.02

0.70

1.47

  Secondary

1.02*

0.37

3.21

1.10

0.98

1.24

1.14*

1.03

1.26

1.15

0.85

1.55

  Higher

1.56*

0.55

4.70

1.65***

1.47

1.85

1.29***

1.14

1.46

1.43*

1.03

1.99

Access to information

 No (reference)

  Yes

1.44*

1.22

1.94

0.92

0.80

1.07

1.39***

1.26

1.54

1.57***

1.28

1.93

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