Table 3 Simple binary logistic regression analysis of factors associated with women empowerment (n = 13,558 in PDHS 2012–13 and n = 15,068 in PDHS 2017–18)
PDHS 2012–13 | PDHS 2017–18 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | |||
Age in years | ||||||
15–19 (reference) | ||||||
20–24 | 2.11*** | 1.61 | 2.76 | 1.20 | 0.93 | 1.54 |
25–29 | 3.39*** | 2.60 | 4.40 | 1.64*** | 1.28 | 2.09 |
30–34 | 5.09*** | 3.92 | 6.62 | 2.17*** | 1.69 | 2.79 |
35–39 | 6.97*** | 5.36 | 9.06 | 2.45*** | 1.90 | 3.16 |
40–44 | 9.70*** | 7.43 | 12.68 | 3.02*** | 2.31 | 3.93 |
–49 | 9.23*** | 7.05 | 12.09 | 3.85*** | 2.93 | 5.06 |
Type of place of residence | ||||||
Rural (reference) | ||||||
Urban | 1.65*** | 1.54 | 1.77 | 0.93 | 0.85 | 1.02 |
Sex of household head | ||||||
Male (reference) | ||||||
Female | 2.02*** | 1.76 | 2.32 | 2.42*** | 2.11 | 2.79 |
Wealth index | ||||||
Poorest (reference) | ||||||
Poorer | 1.68*** | 1.49 | 1.90 | 1.33*** | 1.17 | 1.52 |
Middle | 1.88*** | 1.66 | 2.12 | 1.35*** | 1.17 | 1.56 |
Richer | 2.20*** | 1.96 | 2.48 | 1.35*** | 1.15 | 1.59 |
Richest | 2.82*** | 2.51 | 3.16 | 1.35* | 1.13 | 1.62 |
Employment | ||||||
No paid work (reference) | ||||||
Paid work in last 12 months | 1.70*** | 1.56 | 1.85 | 1.46*** | 1.33 | 1.66 |
Earning | ||||||
Earns less than husband (ref) | ||||||
Earns more than husband | 2.00*** | 1.59 | 2.52 | 1.64** | 0.66 | 4.04 |
Occupation of respondent | ||||||
Unemployed (reference) | ||||||
Unskilled | 1.39*** | 1.24 | 1.56 | 1.18* | 0.99 | 1.40 |
Skilled | 1.70*** | 1.49 | 1.94 | 1.56*** | 1.33 | 1.84 |
Managerial | 3.92*** | 3.11 | 4.94 | 1.96*** | 1.54 | 2.49 |
Number of children | ||||||
No children (reference) | ||||||
1–3 children | 2.20*** | 1.94 | 2.50 | 1.29*** | 1.12 | 1.47 |
4–6 children | 3.46*** | 3.03 | 3.95 | 1.35*** | 1.16 | 1.57 |
7–9 children | 2.85*** | 2.42 | 3.35 | 1.05 | 0.85 | 1.28 |
≥ 10 children | 2.06*** | 1.46 | 2.91 | 0.93 | 0.62 | 1.38 |
Respondent’s education | ||||||
No education (reference) | ||||||
Primary | 1.33*** | 1.20 | 1.48 | 1.25*** | 1.10 | 1.42 |
Secondary | 1.46*** | 1.33 | 1.61 | 1.30*** | 1.15 | 1.47 |
Higher | 2.20*** | 1.97 | 2.45 | 1.69*** | 1.44 | 1.99 |
Husband’s education | ||||||
No education (reference) | ||||||
Primary | 1.05 | 0.94 | 1.18 | 0.87 | 0.76 | 0.99 |
Secondary | 1.09 | 1.00 | 1.20 | 0.98 | 0.88 | 1.10 |
Higher | 1.55*** | 1.41 | 1.71 | 1.15* | 1.00 | 1.31 |
Access to information | ||||||
No (reference) | ||||||
Yes | 1.65*** | 1.53 | 1.78 | 1.16** | 1.05 | 1.30 |
Region | ||||||
Punjab (reference) | ||||||
Sindh | 0.66*** | 0.60 | 0.73 | 1.35*** | 1.20 | 1.53 |
KPK | 0.40*** | 0.36 | 0.45 | 0.38*** | 0.33 | 0.43 |
Balochistan | 0.32*** | 0.29 | 0.36 | 0.37*** | 0.32 | 0.43 |
Gilgit-Baltistan | 0.54*** | 0.47 | 0.62 | 0.61*** | 0.51 | 0.73 |
Islamabad (ICT) | 1.21*** | 1.04 | 1.40 | 1.13* | 0.97 | 1.33 |
Azad Jammu Kashmir | – | 0.98 | 0.85 | 1.12 | ||
Federally Administered Tribal Areas | – | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.21 | ||