Associations of changes in neighbourhood walkability with changes in walking activity in older adults: a fixed effects analysis

Timmermans, Erik J.; Visser, Marjolein; Wagtendonk, Alfred J.; Noordzij, J. Mark; Lakerveld, Jeroen

doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11368-6

Table 3 Within-person changes in walking activity, neighbourhood walkability and its (un)standardised components between each of the three waves (2005/06, 2008/09 and 2011/12)

From: Associations of changes in neighbourhood walkability with changes in walking activity in older adults: a fixed effects analysis

	Decrease			No change			Increase			Average change
	n	Mean ± SD	Range	n	Mean ± SD	Range	n	Mean ± SD	Range	n	Mean ± SD
Walking activity
Walking outside in minutes/week	625	− 175.8 ± 240.7	−2065.0- -2.5	95	0.0 ± 0.0	0.0–0.0	616	172.8 ± 242.8	1.0–2047.5	1336	−2.6 ± 287.2
Neighbourhood walkability ^a
Neighbourhood walkability index	707	− 0.7 ± 0.9	−13.0 - -0.1	82	0.0 ± 0.0	0.0–0.0	547	1.8 ± 2.4	0.1–19.3	1336	0.3 ± 2.1
Unstandardised neighbourhood walkability components ^a
Population density	741	−1.00 ± 1.71	−21.07 - -0.01	16	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00–0.00	579	1.75 ± 2.89	0.01–33.80	1336	0.21 ± 2.66
Retail and service destination density	102	−1.33 ± 2.17	−17.43- -0.07	862	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00–0.00	372	3.01 ± 3.89	0.07–36.52	1336	0.74 ± 2.58
Land use mix	200	−0.03 ± 0.04	− 0.33- -0.01	703	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00–0.00	433	0.07 ± 0.07	0.01–0.41	1336	0.02 ± 0.06
Street connectivity	8	−0.06 ± 0.07	−0.22- -0.01	787	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00–0.00	541	0.09 ± 0.09	0.01–0.78	1336	0.04 ± 0.07
Green space density	299	−1.12 ± 2.20	−23.87- − 0.07	813	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00–0.00	244	1.07 ± 1.53	0.07–9.24	1336	-0.07 ± 1.39
Sidewalk density	172	−0.22 ± 0.32	− 2.42- -0.01	382	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00–0.00	782	0.18 ± 0.32	0.01–5.84	1336	0.08 ± 0.30
Standardised neighbourhood walkability components ^a
Population density	807	−0.13 ± 0.19	−2.35- − 0.01	72	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00–0.00	457	0.19 ± 0.33	0.01–3.70	1336	-0.01 ± 0.29
Retail and service destination density	460	− 0.26 ± 0.48	−6.84- -0.01	304	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00–0.00	572	0.56 ± 1.08	0.01–11.50	1336	0.15 ± 0.84
Land use mix	725	− 0.13 ± 0.21	−2.60- -0.01	231	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00–0.00	380	0.50 ± 0.49	0.01–2.99	1336	0.07 ± 0.41
Street connectivity	542	− 0.32 ± 0.19	−1.33- -0.01	672	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00–0.00	122	0.32 ± 0.37	0.01–2.20	1336	−0.10 ± 0.26
Green space density	783	−0.08 ± 0.09	− 1.42- -0.01	483	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00–0.00	70	0.08 ± 0.09	0.01–0.39	1336	−0.04 ± 0.09
Sidewalk density	958	−0.12 ± 0.14	−1.91- -0.01	97	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00–0.00	281	0.18 ± 0.32	0.01–4.08	1336	−0.05 ± 0.22

^a The neighbourhood walkability index (index range: 0–100) and the (un)standardised components were derived from 500-m Euclidean buffer zones around the residential address of participants. The units of measures of the unstandardised components are: (1) population density [number of residents/hectare], (2) retail and service destination density [percentage of area devoted to retail and services], (3) land use mix [entropy index range: 0–1], (4) street connectivity [number of intersections (three or more legs) of roads accessible by pedestrians/hectare], (5) green space density [percentage of area devoted to green space], and (6) sidewalk density [percentage of area devoted to sidewalks]. The standardised components are all z-scores

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