Table 5 Prevalence reported racism according to each study
Study | Title | Reported prevalence |
|---|---|---|
Cave et al. (2019) [51] | Caregiver-perceived racial discrimination is associated with diverse mental health outcomes in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children aged 7–12 years. | 20.4% at least one exposure |
Paradies et al. (2012) [56] | The DRIUD study: exploring mediating pathways between racism and depressive symptoms among Indigenous Australians. | • Frequency: 50% hardly ever, 25% sometimes, often or very often. • Setting: 25% only one setting,30% two settings, 25% three settings, 20% four or more settings. |
Paradies et al. (2012) [57] | The DRIUD study: racism and self-assessed health status in an indigenous population. | • Frequency: 50% hardly ever, 25% sometimes, often or very often. • Setting: 25% only one setting, 30% two settings, 25% three settings, 20% four or more settings. |
Macedo et al. (2019) [52] | Effects of racism on the socio-emotional wellbeing of Aboriginal Australian children. | • Cohort K 15% • Cohort B 14% |
Temple et al. (2019) [53] | Experiences of Racism among Older Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People: Prevalence, Sources, and Association with Mental Health. | • 31% At least one experience of racism. • Frequency: 5.7% always, 15.7% often, 39.9% sometimes, 28.1% rarely, 10.6% only once. |
Kelaher et al. (2014) [59] | Experiencing racism in health care: the mental health impacts for Victorian Aboriginal communities. | • Frequency: 97% at least one incident, 25% between 1 and 7 experiences, 38% between 8 and 11, 34% 12 or more experiences. • Setting: 67% shops, a59% public spaces a29.3% health settings. |
Shepherd et al. (2017) [54] | The impact of racial discrimination on the health of Australian Indigenous children aged 5–10 years: analysis of national longitudinal data | • Experienced by carers: 40% (69% time limited, 31% persistent). • Experienced by families: 45% (60% time limited, 40% persistent) • Experienced by child:14% (72% time limited, 28% persistent) |
Larson et al. (2007) [3] | It’s enough to make you sick: The impact of racism on the health of aboriginal Australians. | Aboriginal people 3.6 times more likely to report racially based negative treatment than non-Aboriginal people (a) |
Markwick et al. (2019) [34] | Perceived racism may partially explain the gap in health between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Victorians: A cross-sectional population-based study. | Prevalence of racism among Indigenous people not reported |
Cave et al. (2019) [55] | Racial discrimination and the health and wellbeing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children: Does the timing of first exposure matter? | • First exposure to racial discrimination at 4–5 years 6.9% • First exposure at 7 years 8.3% (b) |
Priest et al. (2011) [60] | Racism and health among urban Aboriginal young people | Racism was reported by 52.3% |
Priest et al. (2011) [58] | Racism as a determinant of social and emotional wellbeing for aboriginal Australian youth | Racism was reported by 32% |