Social isolation, inflammation, and cancer mortality from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey - a study of 3,360 women

Table 2 Multivariate Cox Proportional Hazard Model of Associated Factors with Cancer Mortality

Characteristics	Hazard Ratio	95% Confidence Interval	P-value
Social Network Index
4 = Not isolated	1
3 = Somewhat isolated	0.72	0.41–1.27	0.25
2 = Very isolated	0.81	0.39–1.70	0.58
0/1 = Most isolated	0.76	0.28–2.06	0.58
Race/Ethnicity
White	1
Black	1.35	0.84–2.17	0.22
Mexican American	1.13	0.70–1.82	0.62
Other^a	1.04	0.22–4.82	0.96
Income Level
Low income	1
Middle income	0.89	0.57–1.38	0.60
High income	0.98	0.60–1.60	0.94
Education
Fewer than 12 years	1
12 years or more	1.36	1.01–1.83	0.04
BMI (kg/m²)
< 30.0 kg/m²	1
≥ 30.0 kg/m²	1.56	1.11–2.18	0.01
Diabetes Diagnosis
No	1
Yes	0.72	0.33–1.55	0.39
Cardiovascular Disease Diagnosis
No	1
Yes	0.78	0.49–1.24	0.29
Smoking Status
Nonsmoker	1
Former	2.07	1.15–3.73	0.02
Current	4.42	2.84–6.88	< 0.001
Alcohol Consumption
Nondrinker	1
Former	1.15	0.72–1.83	0.56
Current	0.96	0.57–1.65	0.89
Relative Physical Activity
About the same	1
Less active	1.57	1.10–2.26	0.01
Most active	0.67	0.51–0.87	0.004
Self-reported Health Status
Excellent	1
Very good	1.47	0.98–2.20	0.06
Good	1.37	0.97–1.94	0.07
Fair	1.05	0.62–1.77	0.85
Poor	0.41	0.14–1.19	0.10
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Use
Nonuser^b	1
User	1.13	0.79–1.60	0.49
C-Reactive Protein (mg/dL)
≤ 0.21 mg/dL	1
0.22–0.63 mg/dL	1.19	0.80–1.77	0.37
> 0.63 mg/dL	0.88	0.53–1.45	0.60
Fibrinogen (mg/dL)	1.001	1.00–1.003	0.49

^a Other race consists of mixed race, Asians, and any other race not specified in the NHANES III database
^b Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) nonuser includes those who never taken NSAID and never taken NSAID on a regular basis (< 30 pills/month)

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