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Table 1 Associated Characteristics by Social Network Index

From: Social isolation, inflammation, and cancer mortality from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey - a study of 3,360 women

Characteristics

Overall

0/1 = Most Isolated

2 = Very Isolated

3 = Somewhat Isolated

4 = Not Isolated

P-value

Overall N (%)

N = 3360

543 (14.5%)

1134 (30.2%)

1198 (37.1%)

485 (18.2%)

 

Age

0.90a

 Median (range)

54 (40–89)

54 (40–89)

55 (40–89)

54 (40–89)

54 (40–88)

 

 Younger than 54

46.2%

46.6%

44.7%

46.7%

47.4%

 

 54 years and older

53.8%

53.3%

55.3%

53.3%

52.6%

 

Race/Ethnicity

< 0.001a

 White

81.4%

75.4%

78.9%

81.7%

89.8%

 

 Black

8.8%

9.4%

10.6%

8.6%

5.9%

 

 Mexican American

3.1%

3.7%

3.7%

3.1%

1.5%

 

 Otherb

6.6%

11.5%

6.7%

6.6%

2.7%

 

Income Level

< 0.001a

 Low income

31.5%

56.8%

38.0%

25.8%

12.2%

 

 Middle income

38.0%

30.6%

37.0%

38.1%

45.5%

 

 High income

30.5%

12.6%

24.9%

36.1%

42.3%

 

Education

< 0.001a

 Fewer than 12 years

26.2%

40.8%

32.9%

21.7%

12.3%

 

 12 years or more

73.8%

59.2%

67.1%

78.3%

87.7%

 

BMI (kg/m2)

0.02a

  < 30.0 kg/m2

73.0%

67.5%

70.6%

75.7%

75.6%

 

  ≥ 30.0 kg/m2

27.0%

32.5%

29.4%

24.3%

24.4%

 

Diabetes Diagnosis

0.20a

 No

92.1%

89.9%

91.2%

93.1%

93.6%

 

 Yes

7.9%

10.1%

8.8%

6.9%

6.4%

 

Cardiovascular Disease Diagnosis

0.02a

 No

64.0%

59.0%

60.8%

66.7%

68.0%

 

 Yes

36.0%

41.0%

39.2%

33.3%

32.0%

 

Smoking Status

< 0.001a

 Nonsmoker

54.0%

38.0%

46.8%

62.0%

62.4%

 

 Former

26.1%

27.8%

27.6%

23.5%

27.4%

 

 Current

20.0%

34.2%

25.6%

14.5%

10.3%

 

Smoking Amount

< 0.001a

 Nonsmoker

54.0%

38.0%

46.8%

62.0%

62.4%

 

 Former

26.1%

27.8%

27.6%

23.5%

27.4%

 

 Current

 

   < 1 pack/day

8.9%

15.5%

10.7%

6.6%

5.1%

 

   ≥ 1 pack/day

11.1%

18.7%

14.9%

7.9%

5.2%

 

Alcohol Status

0.24a

 Nondrinker

21.8%

19.2%

20.8%

24.3%

20.3%

 

 Former

41.0%

44.6%

44.1%

37.8%

39.6%

 

 Current

37.2%

36.2%

35.1%

37.9%

40.1%

 

Alcohol Consumption

< 0.001a

 Nondrinker

21.8%

19.2%

20.8%

24.3%

20.3%

 

 Former

41.0%

44.6%

44.1%

37.8%

39.6%

 

 Current

  1–2 drinks /day

30.4%

21.7%

28.2%

32.2%

37.3%

 

   ≥ 3 drinks/day

6.8%

14.6%

6.9%

5.7%

2.8%

 

Relative Physical Activity

0.003a

 About the Same

43.9%

37.0%

45.0%

43.9%

47.5%

 

 Less Active

19.9%

27.3%

22.4%

17.4%

14.7%

 

 Most Active

36.2%

35.6%

32.6%

38.6%

37.8%

 

Self-Reported Health Status

0.001a

 Excellent

32.5%

23.8%

30.0%

35.8%

36.6%

 

 Very Good

27.7%

29.6%

27.2%

26.6%

29.4%

 

 Good

29.2%

28.7%

32.0%

27.7%

27.9%

 

 Fair

9.1%

14.4%

9.1%

8.6%

5.8%

 

 Poor

1.6%

3.4%

1.7%

1.3%

0.3%

 

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Use

0.02a

 Nonuserc

21.1%

26.8%

22.0%

20.2%

17.0%

 

 User

78.9%

73.2%

78.0%

79.8%

83.0%

 

C-Reactive Protein (mg/dL)

0.52a

  ≤ 0.21 mg/dL

61.0%

60.1%

59.6%

61.3%

63.1%

 

 0.22–0.63 mg/dL

18.7%

20.4%

17.6%

18.2%

20.2%

 

  > 0.63 mg/dL

20.3%

19.5%

22.8%

20.5%

16.7%

 

 Fibrinogen (mg/dL)

308

318

312

309

289

0.003d

  1. Data are % unless otherwise specified
  2. Note: percentages may not add up to 100 due to rounding
  3. a Chi-square test was performed to calculate p-values between the two categorical variables
  4. b Other race consists of mixed race, Asians, and any other race not specified in the NHANES III database
  5. c Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) nonuser includes those who never taken NSAID and never taken NSAID on a regular basis (< 30 pills/month)
  6. d T-test was used to calculate p-values for the mean differences of fibrinogen levels between the social network index groups