Table 1 Description of Clean Air Zone ‘Classes’ and other key initiatives under consideration by Bradford Council

Clean Air Zone Class A

A charging zone to include non- compliant buses, coaches and taxis

Clean Air Zone Class B

A charging zone to include non- compliant buses, coaches and taxis, and heavy good vehicles

Clean Air Zone Class C

A charging zone to include non- compliant buses, coaches and taxis, heavy goods vehicles and light goods vehicles.

Clean Air Zone Class D

A charging zone to include non- compliant buses, coaches and taxis, heavy good vehicles, light goods vehicles, private cars and motorbikes

 Green buses scheme

This involves bus companies replacing their current fleet with greener vehicles.

 Installation of electric charging infrastructure in new developments

The aim of this proposal is to encourage installation electric car charging points in new housing / planning developments to encourage people to consider electric vehicles in the future.

 Council fleet improvements

The city council own a large fleet of vehicles from rubbish collection lorries to smaller vans and other vehicles. This initiative would involve the council replacing their fleet with greener vehicles

 Park and ride

A park and ride scheme was proposed that could see drivers coming into the city park their cars at a designation outside the city centre and then complete their journey on public transport.

 Road widening/ highways improvements

This proposal would consider widening some busy roads around the city to improve traffic flow and reduce traffic build up.

 Intelligent transport systems

The proposal for Split Cycle Offset Optimisation Technique (SCOOT) [29] is a method of adaptive signal control where vehicles are detected as they approach a signalised junction well in advance of the stop line and can help drivers adapt their speed accordingly when approaching junctions to minimise a need for stopping which then causes idling. The detection, from multiple junctions, is fed into a central system, which models the flow of traffic in the area.

 Increasing city centre parking charges

Parking charges in many public carparks in Bradford (and particularly in the city centre) are amongst the lowest compared to the national average. In some respects therefore it is more cost effective to drive and park rather than use public transport. This initiative was considered to help reduce the number of people driving into the city centre.

 Freight consolidation centres

This involves building consolidation centres where large HGVs for stock distribution in the city can arrive and unload and then have goods taken out and distributed in smaller greener vehicles. This would reduce the number of HGVs on the highways.

 HGVs- traffic diversions and delivery times

Participants considered whether HGVs should be restricted to using the highways at certain (non busy) hours of the day to reduce pollution levels and traffic at busy times.

 Travel planning

This proposal was to consider people car sharing where neighbours or colleagues were travelling to the same/ similar destinations.

 Cycling and cycling infrastructure

Although there is already cycling infrastructure in Bradford, this initiative proposed improvement to these and promotion of wider use by local residents.

 Electric cars

Participants explored the barriers and facilitators of a shift towards electric personal vehicles.

 Public transport and active travel

Participants considered the barriers and facilitators of more public transport use and active travel methods.