Table 4 Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for stress management skills in all participants and in subjects stratified by stressful life events
All participants | Participants with stressful life events | Participants without stressful life events | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Case participants (1340) | Control participants (2662) | Adjusted oddsa | Case participants (1000) | Control participants (1595) | Adjusted oddsa | Case participants (340) | Control participants (1067) | Adjusted oddsa |
N (%) | N (%) | (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval) | N (%) | N (%) | (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval) | N (%) | N (%) | (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval) | |
Total stress management skills | |||||||||
Poor | 217 (16.2) | 351 (13.2) | 1 | 181 (18.1) | 239 (15.0) | 1 | 36 (10.6) | 112 (10.5) | 1 |
Moderate | 926 (69.1) | 1796 (67.5) | 0.92 (0.76–1.12) | 690 (69.0) | 1079 (67.6) | 0.92 (0.74–1.16) | 236 (69.4) | 717 (67.2) | 1.17 (0.76–1.78) |
Good | 197 (14.7) | 515 (19.3) | 0.74 (0.57–0.95)* | 129 (12.9) | 277 (17.4) | 0.71 (0.53–0.97)* | 68 (20.0) | 238 (22.3) | 1.18 (0.72–1.96) |
Stress management skill items | |||||||||
Accept those things in my life that I cannot change | |||||||||
Rarely or never | 72 (5.4) | 123 (4.6) | 1 | 58 (5.8) | 72 (4.5) | 1 | 14 (4.1) | 51 (4.8) | 1 |
Sometimes | 350 (26.1) | 814 (30.6) | 0.74 (0.54–1.03) | 279 (27.9) | 496 (31.1) | 0.70 (0.47–1.02) | 71 (20.9) | 318 (29.8) | 0.90 (0.46–1.74) |
Often or always | 918 (68.5) | 1725 (64.8) | 0.95 (0.69–1.30) | 663 (66.3) | 1027 (64.4) | 0.82 (0.56–1.19) | 255 (75.0) | 698 (65.4) | 1.61 (0.85–3.04) |
Use specific methods to control stress | |||||||||
Rarely or never | 56 (4.2) | 91 (3.4) | 1 | 45 (4.5) | 55 (3.4) | 1 | 11 (3.2) | 36 (3.4) | 1 |
Sometimes | 452 (33.7) | 861 (32.3) | 0.93 (0.65–1.33) | 346 (34.6) | 550 (34.5) | 0.82 (0.54–1.26) | 106 (31.2) | 311 (29.1) | 1.24 (0.60–2.60) |
Often or always | 832 (62.1) | 1710 (64.2) | 0.92 (0.64–1.31) | 609 (60.9) | 990 (62.1) | 0.84 (0.56–1.28) | 223 (65.6) | 720 (67.5) | 1.26 (0.61–2.60) |
Concentrate on pleasant thoughts at bedtime | |||||||||
Rarely or never | 179 (13.4) | 239 (9.0) | 1 | 140 (14.0) | 159 (10.0) | 1 | 39 (11.5) | 80 (7.5) | 1 |
Sometimes | 741 (55.3) | 1461 (54.9) | 0.73 (0.58–0.90)** | 569 (56.9) | 883 (55.4) | 0.78 (0.60–1.01) | 172 (50.6) | 578 (54.2) | 0.66 (0.43–1.02) |
Often or always | 420 (31.3) | 962 (36.1) | 0.67 (0.53–0.85)** | 291 (29.1) | 553 (34.7) | 0.67 (0.51–0.89)** | 129 (37.9) | 409 (38.3) | 0.79 (0.50–1.25) |
Pace myself to prevent tiredness | |||||||||
Rarely or never | 342 (25.5) | 521 (19.6) | 1 | 275 (27.5) | 320 (20.1) | 1 | 67 (19.7) | 201 (18.8) | 1 |
Sometimes | 506 (37.8) | 1011 (38.0) | 0.80 (0.67–0.96)* | 380 (38.0) | 611 (38.3) | 0.75 (0.61–0.93)** | 126 (37.1) | 400 (37.5) | 0.97 (0.68–1.37) |
Often or always | 492 (36.7) | 1130 (42.4) | 0.76 (0.63–0.91)** | 345 (34.5) | 664 (41.6) | 0.67 (0.54–0.83)*** | 147 (43.2) | 466 (43.7) | 1.14 (0.80–1.62) |
Get enough sleep | |||||||||
Rarely or never | 68 (5.1) | 80 (3.0) | 1 | 58 (5.8) | 49 (3.1) | 1 | 10 (2.9) | 31 (2.9) | 1 |
Sometimes | 555 (41.4) | 858 (32.2) | 0.81 (0.57–1.14) | 439 (43.9) | 608 (38.1) | 0.63 (0.42–0.94)* | 116 (34.1) | 250 (23.4) | 1.55 (0.72–3.33) |
Often or always | 717 (53.5) | 1724 (64.8) | 0.54 (0.39–0.77)*** | 503 (50.3) | 938 (58.8) | 0.48 (0.32–0.72)*** | 214 (62.9) | 786 (73.7) | 0.97 (0.46–2.05) |
Take some time for relaxation each day | |||||||||
Rarely or never | 87 (6.5) | 95 (3.6) | 1 | 71 (7.1) | 58 (3.6) | 1 | 16 (4.7) | 37 (3.5) | 1 |
Sometimes | 558 (41.6) | 1064 (40.0) | 0.63 (0.46–0.86)** | 422 (42.2) | 684 (42.9) | 0.53 (0.37–0.78)** | 136 (40.0) | 380 (35.6) | 0.95 (0.50–1.79) |
Often or always | 695 (51.9) | 1503 (56.5) | 0.59 (0.43–0.82)** | 507 (50.7) | 853 (53.5) | 0.55 (0.37–0.80)** | 188 (55.3) | 650 (60.9) | 0.87 (0.46–1.64) |
Balance time between work and play | |||||||||
Rarely or never | 84 (6.3) | 122 (4.6) | 1 | 72 (7.2) | 86 (5.4) | 1 | 12 (3.5) | 36 (3.4) | 1 |
Sometimes | 632 (47.2) | 1034 (38.8) | 0.95 (0.71–1.29) | 491 (49.1) | 662 (41.5) | 0.93 (0.66–1.31) | 141 (41.5) | 372 (34.9) | 1.24 (0.61–2.50) |
Often or always | 624 (46.6) | 1506 (56.6) | 0.69 (0.51–0.94)* | 437 (43.7) | 847 (53.1) | 0.68 (0.48–0.96)* | 187 (55.0) | 659 (61.8) | 1.03 (0.51–2.08) |
Practise relaxation or meditation for 15–20 min daily | |||||||||
Rarely or never | 146 (10.9) | 223 (8.4) | 1 | 116 (11.6) | 142(8.9) | 1 | 30 (8.8) | 81 (7.6) | 1 |
Sometimes | 578 (43.1) | 1099 (41.3) | 0.87 (0.68–1.10) | 433 (43.3) | 667 (41.8) | 0.84 (0.64–1.11) | 145 (42.6) | 432 (40.5) | 0.99 (0.62–1.60) |
Often or always | 616 (46.0) | 1340 (50.3) | 0.81 (0.64–1.03) | 451 (45.1) | 786 (49.3) | 0.79 (0.59–1.05) | 165 (48.5) | 554 (51.9) | 0.99 (0.61–1.59) |