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Table 4 Partner and relationship characteristics associated with consistent condom use with anal sex

From: Individual and partnership characteristics associated with consistent condom use in a cohort of cisgender men who have sex with men and transgender women in Nigeria

Partner and relationship characteristics

Associations with insertive anal sex

Associations with receptive anal sex

Associations with both types of anal sex

Bivariate analyses (95% CI)

Multivariable analyses (95% CI)

Bivariate analyses (95% CI)

Multivariable analyses (95% CI)

Bivariate analyses (95% CI)

Multivariable analyses (95% CI)

Partner age categories

 Younger than 25

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 25–34

0.96 (0.87–1.05)

0.93 (0.84–1.03)

1.03 (0.92–1.14)

0.94 (0.84–1.06)

1.00 (0.92–1.09)

0.95 (0.87–1.05)

 35–44

0.92 (0.79–1.07)

0.87 (0.72–1.05)

0.98 (0.82–1.16)

0.84 (0.68–1.03)

0.91 (0.79–1.06)

0.84 (0.70–0.99) **

 45 and older

0.94 (0.72–1.22)

0.80 (0.59–1.08)

0.77 (0.57–1.05) *

0.62 (0.42–0.90) **

0.81 (0.61–1.07)

0.69 (0.50–0.96) **

 Refusal/Don’t know

0.97 (0.78–1.21)

0.27 (0.05–1.47)

0.85 (0.68–1.06)

0.59 (0.16–2.24)

0.89 (0.74–1.07)

0.56 (0.17–1.90)

Partner’s education status

 None/Primary education only

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Junior secondary only

0.96 (0.72–1.28)

1.01 (0.75–1.36)

0.91 (0.64–1.29)

0.85 (0.59–1.22)

0.91 (0.67–1.25)

0.91 (0.66–1.25)

 Senior secondary

1.15 (0.89–1.49)

1.21 (0.92–1.59)

1.24 (0.96–1.59) *

1.27 (0.98–1.65)

1.19 (0.95–1.48)

1.24 (0.99–1.57)

 Higher than senior secondary

1.10 (0.85–1.43)

1.22 (0.93–1.59)

1.43 (1.10–1.85) **

1.48 (1.13–1.94) **

1.25 (1.00–1.57) **

1.36 (1.07–1.72) **

 Refusal/Don’t know

1.18 (0.86–1.62)

1.28 (0.93–1.78)

1.24 (0.91–1.69)

1.33 (0.97–1.83)

1.19 (0.91–1.56)

1.28 (0.97–1.70)

Partner’s sexual orientation

 Gay or homosexual

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Bisexual

0.99 (0.90–1.08)

 

1.07 (0.96–1.19)

 

0.99 (0.90–1.08)

 

 Refusal/Don’t know

1.02 (0.84–1.25)

 

0.93 (0.72–1.21)

 

0.91 (0.74–1.12)

 

Partner’s marital status

 Single/never married

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Married to a woman

1.01 (0.92–1.12)

1.04 (0.92–1.18)

0.96 (0.85–1.10)

0.91 (0.78–1.05)

0.95 (0.86–1.06)

0.95 (0.84–1.08)

 Cohabitating with a man

0.61 (0.13–2.83)

0.61 (0.15–2.53)

0.32 (0.08–1.19) *

0.33 (0.11–0.98) **

0.32 (0.09–1.11) *

0.33 (0.11–0.97) **

 Separated/divorced/widowed

1.02 (0.74–1.41)

1.08 (0.78–1.50)

0.95 (0.60–1.51)

0.93 (0.58–1.48)

1.06 (0.69–1.65)

1.09 (0.71–1.68)

 Refusal/Don’t know

1.29 (0.96–1.75) *

1.50 (1.09–2.07) **

1.14 (0.79–1.63)

1.38 (0.93–2.03)

1.34 (0.98–1.82) *

1.66 (1.19–2.33) **

Relationship type

 Regular

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Casual

1.23 (1.13–1.33) ***

1.13 (1.02–1.24) **

1.29 (1.18–1.41) ***

1.23 (1.10–1.38) ***

1.31 (1.21–1.41) ***

1.22 (1.11–1.34) ***

 Refusal/Don’t know

0.55 (0.08–3.93)

0.52 (0.07–3.68)

1.29 (0.74–2.27)

0.98 (0.71–1.34)

0.75 (0.11–5.12)

0.69 (0.08–5.90)

Age Difference between partner and participant

 No age difference

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Greater than or equal to ten years

0.97 (0.85–1.12)

1.01 (0.86–1.18)

1.11 (0.94–1.31)

1.24 (1.02–1.51) **

1.02 (0.89–1.18)

1.11 (0.95–1.31)

 Less than ten years

0.95 (0.85–1.05)

0.95 (0.85–1.06)

1.06 (0.93–1.21)

1.08 (0.93–1.25)

1.00 (0.90–1.11)

1.00 (0.90–1.13)

 Unknown age difference

0.96 (0.75–1.21)

3.69 (0.67–20.3)

0.89 (0.70–1.14)

1.63 (0.42–6.35)

0.90 (0.74–1.10)

1.70 (0.49–5.88)

Partner Age mix

 All partner’s ages were different

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 All partners were consistently younger than participant

0.99 (0.75–1.31)

1.05 (0.78–1.40)

0.87 (0.60–1.25)

0.85 (0.58–1.23)

1.05 (0.82–1.36)

1.06 (0.81–1.38)

 All partners were consistently older than participant

1.01 (0.80–1.28)

1.11 (0.87–1.42)

0.96 (0.78–1.19)

0.92 (0.74–1.15)

0.99 (0.82–1.19)

0.99 (0.82–1.20)

 All partners were the same age as participant

0.66 (0.24–1.83)

0.66 (0.24–1.80)

2.15 (0.78–5.88)

2.54 (0.93–6.9)

1.05 (0.47–2.32)

1.09 (0.49–2.42)

 Unknown age mix

0.53 (0.33–0.85) **

0.57 (0.32–1.02)

0.50 (0.31–0.79) **

0.59 (0.33–1.03)

0.56 (0.38–0.84) **

0.63 (0.39–1.03)

Partner socio-economic status

 Same as participant’s

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Lower than participant’s

1.01 (0.88–1.15)

0.98 (0.85–1.14)

0.97 (0.83–1.14)

0.96 (0.81–1.15)

1.02 (0.89–1.16)

0.99 (0.83–1.11)

 Higher than participant’s

0.95 (0.84–1.07)

0.96 (0.84–1.09)

1.08 (0.93–1.25)

1.09 (0.94–1.28)

1.00 (0.89–1.13)

1.02 (0.90–1.16)

 Refusal/don’t know

1.00 (0.71–1.42)

1.09 (0.76–1.57)

0.71 (0.51–1.00) *

0.85 (0.59–1.23)

0.90 (0.67–1.22)

0.99 (0.72–1.37)

Did your partner have more than one regular sexual partner at the same time?

 No

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Yes

1.14 (0.96–1.36)

 

1.07 (0.91–1.26)

 

1.09 (0.96–1.25)

 

 Don’t know

1.16 (0.89–1.51)

 

1.16 (0.90–1.50)

 

1.10 (0.88–1.36)

 

How many sexual partners do you believe your partner has had in the past year?

 No other sexual partners

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 1–2 sexual partners

1.11 (0.74–1.66)

1.10 (0.74–1.63)

1.39 (0.95–2.03) *

1.32 (0.90–1.93)

1.24 (0.86–1.80)

1.19 (0.81–1.73)

 3–5 sexual partners

1.40 (0.97–2.02) *

1.43 (1.00–2.06)

1.61 (1.13–2.30) **

1.54 (1.08–2.19) **

1.43 (1.00–2.03) *

1.37 (0.96–1.96)

 Greater than 5

1.63 (1.09–2.43) **

1.66 (1.11–2.49) **

1.36 (0.92–1.99)

1.32 (0.89–1.96)

1.36 (0.04–1.98)

1.34 (0.91–1.98)

 Don’t know

1.28 (0.90–1.83)

1.49 (1.04–2.14) **

1.32 (0.93–1.87)

1.45 (1.01–2.09) **

1.27 (0.90–1.79)

1.37 (0.95–1.96)

Do you believe partner has ever had sex under the influence of drug or alcohol?

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

1.08 (0.92–1.28)

1.06 (0.89–1.26)

0.91 (0.78–1.06)

0.92 (0.78–1.08)

0.96 (0.84–1.11)

0.96 (0.83–1.11)

 Don’t know

0.94 (0.71–1.25)

0.90 (0.67–1.20)

0.87 (0.67–1.13)

0.89 (0.67–1.18)

0.88 (0.70–1.12)

0.87 (0.68–1.11)

 Refusal

0.59 (0.47–0.73) ***

0.45 (0.29–0.71) ***

0.60 (0.48–0.74) ***

0.56 (0.43–0.75) ***

0.65 (0.54–0.78) ***

0.60 (0.41–0.89) **

When partner has sex with other sexual partners how often do you believe a condom is used

 Never

Ref

Ref

Ref

 

Ref

Ref

 Sometimes

0.73 (0.48–1.10)

0.63 (0.42–0.95) **

1.05 (0.74–1.48)

 

1.05 (0.78–1.41)

0.94 (0.70–1.27)

 Almost always

0.85 (0.52–1.38)

0.73 (0.44–1.21)

0.81 (0.53–1.23)

 

0.89 (0.62–1.28)

0.82 (0.57–1.17)

 Always

0.98 (0.65–1.46)

0.88 (0.59–1.32)

1.22 (0.87–1.71)

 

1.29 (0.97–1.73) *

1.17 (0.87–1.57)

 Don’t know

0.86 (0.56–1.31)

0.82 (0.53–1.27)

0.99 (0.68–1.44)

 

1.08 (0.79–1.49)

1.12 (0.81–1.55)

 Refusal

0.70 (0.47–1.03) *

0.95 (0.58–1.55)

0.79 (0.55–1.15)

 

0.92 (0.68–1.25)

1.03 (0.68–1.58)

When you had sex with this partner, how often did you have sex?

 Only once or twice ever

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Almost every day

0.64 (0.50–0.82) ***

0.68 (0.52–0.87) **

0.63 (0.50–0.80) ***

0.71 (0.54–0.92) **

0.57 (0.45–0.71) ***

0.64 (0.50–0.82) ***

 A few times each week

0.69 (0.57–0.83) ***

0.73 (0.60–0.89) **

0.63 (0.52–0.76) ***

0.70 (0.57–0.87) **

0.59 (0.50–0.69) ***

0.66 (0.55–0.79) ***

 A few times each month

0.76 (0.65–0.90) **

0.77 (0.65–0.92) **

0.68 (0.57–0.82) ***

0.71 (0.59–0.85) ***

0.64 (0.56–0.75) ***

0.67 (0.57–0.78) ***

 Once a month

0.83 (0.71–0.96) *

0.81 (0.69–0.95) **

0.72 (0.61–0.84) ***

0.70 (0.60–0.83) ***

0.70 (0.62–0.80) ***

0.69 (0.60–0.80) ***

 Refusal/don’t know

0.66 (0.41–1.01)

0.59 (0.34–1.03)

0.85 (0.63–1.14)

1.04 (0.73–1.48)

0.56 (0.36–0.86) **

0.58 (0.37–0.90) **

As far as you know, has partner ever had any kind of STI?

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

0.79 (0.65–0.96) **

0.88 (0.72–1.08)

0.73 (0.59–0.90) **

0.95 (0.75–1.20)

0.78 (0.66–0.92)

0.94 (0.79–1.12)

 Unknown

0.84 (0.70–1.01) *

0.95 (0.78–1.16)

0.84 (0.70–1.01) *

1.09 (0.87–1.36)

0.86 (0.74–1.00) **

1.03 (0.86–1.23)

Has partner encouraged you to make sure you use condom when you have sex with other sexual partners?

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

1.15 (1.02–1.31) **

1.09 (0.96–1.24)

1.15 (1.02–1.31) **

1.13 (0.99–1.20)

1.20 (1.07–1.33) **

1.14 (1.02–1.28) **

 Don’t know

–

–

–

–

–

–

 Refusal

1.28 (1.09–1.51) **

1.00 (0.73–1.36)

1.18 (0.97–1.45)

1.20 (0.91–1.58)

1.31 (1.12–1.53) **

1.04 (0.74–1.45)

How frequently do you discuss HIV with partner?

 Never

Ref

 

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 At least once a week

1.25 (1.02–1.53) **

1.17 (0.94–1.45)

1.33 (1.10–1.62) **

1.24 (1.01–1.52) **

1.31 (1.11–1.54) **

1.20 (1.01–1.43) **

 Once a month or less

1.26 (1.08–1.47) **

1.24 (1.05–1.46) **

1.03 (0.88–1.22)

0.99 (0.84–1.18)

1.12 (0.98–1.29) *

1.09 (0.95–1.25)

 Refused

1.36 (1.15–1.61) ***

1.31 (0.97–1.77)

1.17 (0.97–1.42)

1.05 (0.83–1.35)

1.31 (1.12–1.53) **

1.29 (0.94–1.76)

As far as you know what your partner’s HIV status is?

 Negative

Ref

 

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Positive

0.68 (0.53–0.88) **

0.67 (0.44–1.03)

0.42 (0.31–0.57) ***

0.39 (0.22–0.70) **

0.50 (0.39–0.63) ***

0.43 (0.27–0.68) ***

 Unknown

0.77 (0.65–0.92) **

0.79 (0.60–1.04)

0.67 (0.56–0.80) ***

0.75 (0.56–1.00)

0.71 (0.61–0.83) ***

0.74 (0.58–0.94) **

HIV serostatus concordance

 Both negative

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Both positive

0.68 (0.47–0.97) **

1.07 (0.59–1.95)

0.40 (0.27–0.60) ***

1.22 (0.61–2.45)

0.51 (0.37–0.71) ***

1.39 (0.78–2.49)

 HIV serodiscordant/ unknown status

0.87 (0.70–1.07)

0.99 (0.74–1.33)

0.72 (0.57–0.90) **

0.93 (0.69–1.23)

0.80 (0.67–0.96) **

1.02 (0.80–1.30)

 Both unknown

0.56 (0.40–0.78) **

0.68 (0.44–1.07)

0.44 (0.32–0.61) ***

0.62 (0.40–0.97) **

0.50 (0.38–0.66) ***

0.71 (0.48–1.04)

Network size

 Smaller

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Larger

1.41 (1.13–1.76) **

1.47 (1.16–1.84) **

1.40 (1.13–1.75) **

1.51 (1.21–1.90) ***

1.42 (1.17–1.71) **

1.48 (1.22–1.80) ***

 Unknown

0.99 (0.71–1.37)

1.19 (0.83–1.71)

1.03 (0.74–1.42)

1.28 (0.90–1.84)

1.15 (0.89–1.50)

1.34 (1.00–1.79)

  1. * p ≤ 0.10
  2. ** p < 0.05
  3. *** p < 0.001