Partner and relationship characteristics | Associations with insertive anal sex | Associations with receptive anal sex | Associations with both types of anal sex | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bivariate analyses (95% CI) | Multivariable analyses (95% CI) | Bivariate analyses (95% CI) | Multivariable analyses (95% CI) | Bivariate analyses (95% CI) | Multivariable analyses (95% CI) | |
Partner age categories | ||||||
 Younger than 25 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 25–34 | 0.96 (0.87–1.05) | 0.93 (0.84–1.03) | 1.03 (0.92–1.14) | 0.94 (0.84–1.06) | 1.00 (0.92–1.09) | 0.95 (0.87–1.05) |
 35–44 | 0.92 (0.79–1.07) | 0.87 (0.72–1.05) | 0.98 (0.82–1.16) | 0.84 (0.68–1.03) | 0.91 (0.79–1.06) | 0.84 (0.70–0.99) ** |
 45 and older | 0.94 (0.72–1.22) | 0.80 (0.59–1.08) | 0.77 (0.57–1.05) * | 0.62 (0.42–0.90) ** | 0.81 (0.61–1.07) | 0.69 (0.50–0.96) ** |
 Refusal/Don’t know | 0.97 (0.78–1.21) | 0.27 (0.05–1.47) | 0.85 (0.68–1.06) | 0.59 (0.16–2.24) | 0.89 (0.74–1.07) | 0.56 (0.17–1.90) |
Partner’s education status | ||||||
 None/Primary education only | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 Junior secondary only | 0.96 (0.72–1.28) | 1.01 (0.75–1.36) | 0.91 (0.64–1.29) | 0.85 (0.59–1.22) | 0.91 (0.67–1.25) | 0.91 (0.66–1.25) |
 Senior secondary | 1.15 (0.89–1.49) | 1.21 (0.92–1.59) | 1.24 (0.96–1.59) * | 1.27 (0.98–1.65) | 1.19 (0.95–1.48) | 1.24 (0.99–1.57) |
 Higher than senior secondary | 1.10 (0.85–1.43) | 1.22 (0.93–1.59) | 1.43 (1.10–1.85) ** | 1.48 (1.13–1.94) ** | 1.25 (1.00–1.57) ** | 1.36 (1.07–1.72) ** |
 Refusal/Don’t know | 1.18 (0.86–1.62) | 1.28 (0.93–1.78) | 1.24 (0.91–1.69) | 1.33 (0.97–1.83) | 1.19 (0.91–1.56) | 1.28 (0.97–1.70) |
Partner’s sexual orientation | ||||||
 Gay or homosexual | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  |
 Bisexual | 0.99 (0.90–1.08) |  | 1.07 (0.96–1.19) |  | 0.99 (0.90–1.08) |  |
 Refusal/Don’t know | 1.02 (0.84–1.25) |  | 0.93 (0.72–1.21) |  | 0.91 (0.74–1.12) |  |
Partner’s marital status | ||||||
 Single/never married | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 Married to a woman | 1.01 (0.92–1.12) | 1.04 (0.92–1.18) | 0.96 (0.85–1.10) | 0.91 (0.78–1.05) | 0.95 (0.86–1.06) | 0.95 (0.84–1.08) |
 Cohabitating with a man | 0.61 (0.13–2.83) | 0.61 (0.15–2.53) | 0.32 (0.08–1.19) * | 0.33 (0.11–0.98) ** | 0.32 (0.09–1.11) * | 0.33 (0.11–0.97) ** |
 Separated/divorced/widowed | 1.02 (0.74–1.41) | 1.08 (0.78–1.50) | 0.95 (0.60–1.51) | 0.93 (0.58–1.48) | 1.06 (0.69–1.65) | 1.09 (0.71–1.68) |
 Refusal/Don’t know | 1.29 (0.96–1.75) * | 1.50 (1.09–2.07) ** | 1.14 (0.79–1.63) | 1.38 (0.93–2.03) | 1.34 (0.98–1.82) * | 1.66 (1.19–2.33) ** |
Relationship type | ||||||
 Regular | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 Casual | 1.23 (1.13–1.33) *** | 1.13 (1.02–1.24) ** | 1.29 (1.18–1.41) *** | 1.23 (1.10–1.38) *** | 1.31 (1.21–1.41) *** | 1.22 (1.11–1.34) *** |
 Refusal/Don’t know | 0.55 (0.08–3.93) | 0.52 (0.07–3.68) | 1.29 (0.74–2.27) | 0.98 (0.71–1.34) | 0.75 (0.11–5.12) | 0.69 (0.08–5.90) |
Age Difference between partner and participant | ||||||
 No age difference | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 Greater than or equal to ten years | 0.97 (0.85–1.12) | 1.01 (0.86–1.18) | 1.11 (0.94–1.31) | 1.24 (1.02–1.51) ** | 1.02 (0.89–1.18) | 1.11 (0.95–1.31) |
 Less than ten years | 0.95 (0.85–1.05) | 0.95 (0.85–1.06) | 1.06 (0.93–1.21) | 1.08 (0.93–1.25) | 1.00 (0.90–1.11) | 1.00 (0.90–1.13) |
 Unknown age difference | 0.96 (0.75–1.21) | 3.69 (0.67–20.3) | 0.89 (0.70–1.14) | 1.63 (0.42–6.35) | 0.90 (0.74–1.10) | 1.70 (0.49–5.88) |
Partner Age mix | ||||||
 All partner’s ages were different | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 All partners were consistently younger than participant | 0.99 (0.75–1.31) | 1.05 (0.78–1.40) | 0.87 (0.60–1.25) | 0.85 (0.58–1.23) | 1.05 (0.82–1.36) | 1.06 (0.81–1.38) |
 All partners were consistently older than participant | 1.01 (0.80–1.28) | 1.11 (0.87–1.42) | 0.96 (0.78–1.19) | 0.92 (0.74–1.15) | 0.99 (0.82–1.19) | 0.99 (0.82–1.20) |
 All partners were the same age as participant | 0.66 (0.24–1.83) | 0.66 (0.24–1.80) | 2.15 (0.78–5.88) | 2.54 (0.93–6.9) | 1.05 (0.47–2.32) | 1.09 (0.49–2.42) |
 Unknown age mix | 0.53 (0.33–0.85) ** | 0.57 (0.32–1.02) | 0.50 (0.31–0.79) ** | 0.59 (0.33–1.03) | 0.56 (0.38–0.84) ** | 0.63 (0.39–1.03) |
Partner socio-economic status | ||||||
 Same as participant’s | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 Lower than participant’s | 1.01 (0.88–1.15) | 0.98 (0.85–1.14) | 0.97 (0.83–1.14) | 0.96 (0.81–1.15) | 1.02 (0.89–1.16) | 0.99 (0.83–1.11) |
 Higher than participant’s | 0.95 (0.84–1.07) | 0.96 (0.84–1.09) | 1.08 (0.93–1.25) | 1.09 (0.94–1.28) | 1.00 (0.89–1.13) | 1.02 (0.90–1.16) |
 Refusal/don’t know | 1.00 (0.71–1.42) | 1.09 (0.76–1.57) | 0.71 (0.51–1.00) * | 0.85 (0.59–1.23) | 0.90 (0.67–1.22) | 0.99 (0.72–1.37) |
Did your partner have more than one regular sexual partner at the same time? | ||||||
 No | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  |
 Yes | 1.14 (0.96–1.36) |  | 1.07 (0.91–1.26) |  | 1.09 (0.96–1.25) |  |
 Don’t know | 1.16 (0.89–1.51) |  | 1.16 (0.90–1.50) |  | 1.10 (0.88–1.36) |  |
How many sexual partners do you believe your partner has had in the past year? | ||||||
 No other sexual partners | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 1–2 sexual partners | 1.11 (0.74–1.66) | 1.10 (0.74–1.63) | 1.39 (0.95–2.03) * | 1.32 (0.90–1.93) | 1.24 (0.86–1.80) | 1.19 (0.81–1.73) |
 3–5 sexual partners | 1.40 (0.97–2.02) * | 1.43 (1.00–2.06) | 1.61 (1.13–2.30) ** | 1.54 (1.08–2.19) ** | 1.43 (1.00–2.03) * | 1.37 (0.96–1.96) |
 Greater than 5 | 1.63 (1.09–2.43) ** | 1.66 (1.11–2.49) ** | 1.36 (0.92–1.99) | 1.32 (0.89–1.96) | 1.36 (0.04–1.98) | 1.34 (0.91–1.98) |
 Don’t know | 1.28 (0.90–1.83) | 1.49 (1.04–2.14) ** | 1.32 (0.93–1.87) | 1.45 (1.01–2.09) ** | 1.27 (0.90–1.79) | 1.37 (0.95–1.96) |
Do you believe partner has ever had sex under the influence of drug or alcohol? | ||||||
 No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 Yes | 1.08 (0.92–1.28) | 1.06 (0.89–1.26) | 0.91 (0.78–1.06) | 0.92 (0.78–1.08) | 0.96 (0.84–1.11) | 0.96 (0.83–1.11) |
 Don’t know | 0.94 (0.71–1.25) | 0.90 (0.67–1.20) | 0.87 (0.67–1.13) | 0.89 (0.67–1.18) | 0.88 (0.70–1.12) | 0.87 (0.68–1.11) |
 Refusal | 0.59 (0.47–0.73) *** | 0.45 (0.29–0.71) *** | 0.60 (0.48–0.74) *** | 0.56 (0.43–0.75) *** | 0.65 (0.54–0.78) *** | 0.60 (0.41–0.89) ** |
When partner has sex with other sexual partners how often do you believe a condom is used | ||||||
 Never | Ref | Ref | Ref |  | Ref | Ref |
 Sometimes | 0.73 (0.48–1.10) | 0.63 (0.42–0.95) ** | 1.05 (0.74–1.48) |  | 1.05 (0.78–1.41) | 0.94 (0.70–1.27) |
 Almost always | 0.85 (0.52–1.38) | 0.73 (0.44–1.21) | 0.81 (0.53–1.23) |  | 0.89 (0.62–1.28) | 0.82 (0.57–1.17) |
 Always | 0.98 (0.65–1.46) | 0.88 (0.59–1.32) | 1.22 (0.87–1.71) |  | 1.29 (0.97–1.73) * | 1.17 (0.87–1.57) |
 Don’t know | 0.86 (0.56–1.31) | 0.82 (0.53–1.27) | 0.99 (0.68–1.44) |  | 1.08 (0.79–1.49) | 1.12 (0.81–1.55) |
 Refusal | 0.70 (0.47–1.03) * | 0.95 (0.58–1.55) | 0.79 (0.55–1.15) |  | 0.92 (0.68–1.25) | 1.03 (0.68–1.58) |
When you had sex with this partner, how often did you have sex? | ||||||
 Only once or twice ever | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 Almost every day | 0.64 (0.50–0.82) *** | 0.68 (0.52–0.87) ** | 0.63 (0.50–0.80) *** | 0.71 (0.54–0.92) ** | 0.57 (0.45–0.71) *** | 0.64 (0.50–0.82) *** |
 A few times each week | 0.69 (0.57–0.83) *** | 0.73 (0.60–0.89) ** | 0.63 (0.52–0.76) *** | 0.70 (0.57–0.87) ** | 0.59 (0.50–0.69) *** | 0.66 (0.55–0.79) *** |
 A few times each month | 0.76 (0.65–0.90) ** | 0.77 (0.65–0.92) ** | 0.68 (0.57–0.82) *** | 0.71 (0.59–0.85) *** | 0.64 (0.56–0.75) *** | 0.67 (0.57–0.78) *** |
 Once a month | 0.83 (0.71–0.96) * | 0.81 (0.69–0.95) ** | 0.72 (0.61–0.84) *** | 0.70 (0.60–0.83) *** | 0.70 (0.62–0.80) *** | 0.69 (0.60–0.80) *** |
 Refusal/don’t know | 0.66 (0.41–1.01) | 0.59 (0.34–1.03) | 0.85 (0.63–1.14) | 1.04 (0.73–1.48) | 0.56 (0.36–0.86) ** | 0.58 (0.37–0.90) ** |
As far as you know, has partner ever had any kind of STI? | ||||||
 No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 Yes | 0.79 (0.65–0.96) ** | 0.88 (0.72–1.08) | 0.73 (0.59–0.90) ** | 0.95 (0.75–1.20) | 0.78 (0.66–0.92) | 0.94 (0.79–1.12) |
 Unknown | 0.84 (0.70–1.01) * | 0.95 (0.78–1.16) | 0.84 (0.70–1.01) * | 1.09 (0.87–1.36) | 0.86 (0.74–1.00) ** | 1.03 (0.86–1.23) |
Has partner encouraged you to make sure you use condom when you have sex with other sexual partners? | ||||||
 No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 Yes | 1.15 (1.02–1.31) ** | 1.09 (0.96–1.24) | 1.15 (1.02–1.31) ** | 1.13 (0.99–1.20) | 1.20 (1.07–1.33) ** | 1.14 (1.02–1.28) ** |
 Don’t know | – | – | – | – | – | – |
 Refusal | 1.28 (1.09–1.51) ** | 1.00 (0.73–1.36) | 1.18 (0.97–1.45) | 1.20 (0.91–1.58) | 1.31 (1.12–1.53) ** | 1.04 (0.74–1.45) |
How frequently do you discuss HIV with partner? | ||||||
 Never | Ref |  | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 At least once a week | 1.25 (1.02–1.53) ** | 1.17 (0.94–1.45) | 1.33 (1.10–1.62) ** | 1.24 (1.01–1.52) ** | 1.31 (1.11–1.54) ** | 1.20 (1.01–1.43) ** |
 Once a month or less | 1.26 (1.08–1.47) ** | 1.24 (1.05–1.46) ** | 1.03 (0.88–1.22) | 0.99 (0.84–1.18) | 1.12 (0.98–1.29) * | 1.09 (0.95–1.25) |
 Refused | 1.36 (1.15–1.61) *** | 1.31 (0.97–1.77) | 1.17 (0.97–1.42) | 1.05 (0.83–1.35) | 1.31 (1.12–1.53) ** | 1.29 (0.94–1.76) |
As far as you know what your partner’s HIV status is? | ||||||
 Negative | Ref |  | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 Positive | 0.68 (0.53–0.88) ** | 0.67 (0.44–1.03) | 0.42 (0.31–0.57) *** | 0.39 (0.22–0.70) ** | 0.50 (0.39–0.63) *** | 0.43 (0.27–0.68) *** |
 Unknown | 0.77 (0.65–0.92) ** | 0.79 (0.60–1.04) | 0.67 (0.56–0.80) *** | 0.75 (0.56–1.00) | 0.71 (0.61–0.83) *** | 0.74 (0.58–0.94) ** |
HIV serostatus concordance | ||||||
 Both negative | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 Both positive | 0.68 (0.47–0.97) ** | 1.07 (0.59–1.95) | 0.40 (0.27–0.60) *** | 1.22 (0.61–2.45) | 0.51 (0.37–0.71) *** | 1.39 (0.78–2.49) |
 HIV serodiscordant/ unknown status | 0.87 (0.70–1.07) | 0.99 (0.74–1.33) | 0.72 (0.57–0.90) ** | 0.93 (0.69–1.23) | 0.80 (0.67–0.96) ** | 1.02 (0.80–1.30) |
 Both unknown | 0.56 (0.40–0.78) ** | 0.68 (0.44–1.07) | 0.44 (0.32–0.61) *** | 0.62 (0.40–0.97) ** | 0.50 (0.38–0.66) *** | 0.71 (0.48–1.04) |
Network size | ||||||
 Smaller | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 Larger | 1.41 (1.13–1.76) ** | 1.47 (1.16–1.84) ** | 1.40 (1.13–1.75) ** | 1.51 (1.21–1.90) *** | 1.42 (1.17–1.71) ** | 1.48 (1.22–1.80) *** |
 Unknown | 0.99 (0.71–1.37) | 1.19 (0.83–1.71) | 1.03 (0.74–1.42) | 1.28 (0.90–1.84) | 1.15 (0.89–1.50) | 1.34 (1.00–1.79) |