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Table 2 Least-square geometric means and differences of urinary cotinine concentrations (μg/L) among non-smoking adults by living in smoking homes and smoke-free homesa

From: Characterization of urinary cotinine concentrations among non-smoking adults in smoking and smoke-free homes in the Korean national environmental health survey (KoNEHS) cycle 3 (2015–2017)

 

Smoking home

Smoke–free home

p-valuec

FDR p-valued

LSGM (95% CI)b

LSGM (95% CI)

Overall

2.2 (1.8–2.7)

1.3 (1.1–1.6)

< 0.001

–

Sex

 Male

2.0 (1.6–2.6)

1.4 (1.1–1.7)

0.001

0.002

 Female

2.2 (1.8–2.7)

1.3 (1.1–1.5)

< 0.001

0.003

Age (years)

 19–39

2.1 (1.6–2.7)

1.2 (1.0–1.5)

< 0.001

0.001

 40–59

2.4 (1.9–2.9)

1.4 (1.2–1.7)

< 0.001

< 0.001

  ≥ 60

2.0 (1.6–2.6)

1.4 (1.2–1.7)

0.003

0.004

Type of housing

 Apartment

2.3 (1.9–2.8)

1.3 (1.1–1.5)

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Attached housing

1.7 (1.2–2.5)

1.4 (1.1–1.8)

0.227

0.236

 Detached housing

2.4 (1.9–3.2)

1.5 (1.2–1.8)

< 0.001

< 0.001

Household income (USD/month)

  < 1000

2.1 (1.4–3.0)

1.3 (1.0–1.5)

0.006

0.008

 1000–1999

2.3 (1.7–3.3)

1.5 (1.2–1.9)

0.012

0.014

 2000–2999

2.4 (1.7–3.5)

1.3 (1.1–1.6)

0.002

0.002

  ≥ 3000

2.0 (1.6–2.6)

1.3 (1.1–1.6)

< 0.001

< 0.001

Ventilation duration at home (min/day)

  < 30

2.0 (1.5–2.7)

1.5 (1.3–1.9)

0.038

0.040

 30–59

2.4 (1.6–3.5)

1.4 (1.1–1.6)

0.005

0.006

 60–599

2.0 (1.6–2.5)

1.2 (1.0-1.5)

< 0.001

< 0.001

  ≥ 600

2.3 (1.7–3.1)

1.3 (1.0-1.7)

< 0.001

< 0.001

Weekly secondhand smoke exposure

 No

2.1 (1.7–2.6)

1.3 (1.1–1.5)

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Yes

2.3 (1.7–3.3)

1.4 (1.1–1.7)

0.001

0.002

Time spent at residential indoor (min/day)

  < 780

2.3 (1.8–3.0)

1.2 (1.0–1.5)

< 0.001

< 0.001

 780–1079

2.0 (1.6–2.5)

1.3 (1.1–1.6)

< 0.001

< 0.001

  ≥ 1080

2.4 (1.8–3.2)

1.5 (1.2–1.8)

< 0.001

< 0.001

Time spent at outdoor (min/day)

  < 10

2.4 (1.9–3.1)

1.4 (1.2–1.8)

< 0.001

< 0.001

 10–69

2.1 (1.7–2.7)

1.4 (1.2–1.7)

< 0.001

< 0.001

  ≥ 70

2.2 (1.6–2.9)

1.2 (1.0–1.4)

< 0.001

< 0.001

Job classification

 Unemployed

2.5 (2.0–3.2)

1.3 (1.1–1.5)

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Non–manual occupation

1.9 (1.5–2.3)

1.4 (1.2–1.7)

0.019

0.022

 Manual occupation

2.1 (1.6–2.7)

1.4 (1.2–1.6)

< 0.001

0.001

 Hospitality venues employeee

1.8 (1.1–3.1)

1.5 (0.7–3.2)

0.685

0.685

  1. a Weighted multivariable linear regression analyses were used to estimate least-square geometric means (LSGMs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of urinary cotinine concentration
  2. b LSGMs of urinary cotinine concentrations were adjusted for all variables listed in the table and ln-transformed creatinine concentrations
  3. c An interaction term between home smoking status (continuous) and each socio-demographic variable (categorical) (e.g., sex × home smoking status) in the linear regression models was added to examine differences in urinary cotinine concentrations between smoking homes and smoke-free homes while controlling for socio-demographic factors and ln-transformed creatinine concentrations
  4. d False discovery rate (FDR) corrected p-values for multiple testing.
  5. e Participants who worked in restaurants, bars, cafes, fast-food franchises, or bakeries where smoke-free regulations have been implemented since 2015
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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