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Table 2 Association between COVID-19 case/population density and previous PM2.5 concentrations in 24 districts of Lima

From: Association between air pollution in Lima and the high incidence of COVID-19: findings from a post hoc analysis

COVID-19 case/population density

Crude coefficient

95%CI

Adjusted coefficient

95%CI

PM2.5

0.083**

0.050

0.115

0.070**

0.034

0.107

Sex ratio

−3.133*

−5.329

−0.937

−2.157

−5.127

0.812

Age

−0.080

−0.181

0.021

0.047

−0.064

0.158

Food markets

1.269

−0.259

2.796

0.242

−0.973

1.457

  1. The model was adjusted for PM2.5 level, sex ratio (female cases: male cases), and food markets (number of food markets per district and age [years] at the COVID-19 diagnosis). Data for the PM2.5 level (μg/m3) correspond to the average data per district obtained daily from 2012 to 2016
  2. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01