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Table 2 Disease frequency measures by SEP and sex, and Prevalence ratio (PR) or Incidence proportion ratio (IR) (boys compared to girls) of children in Catalonia

From: Socioeconomic inequalities in 29 childhood diseases: evidence from a 1,500,000 children population retrospective study

 

PR/IR

Period prevalence/ Incidence proportion

 

Boys vs girls

Boys

Girls

  

Very low SEP

Low SEP

Medium SEP

High SEP

Very low SEP

Low SEP

Medium SEP

High SEP

Disease

PR/IR (95% CI) p-value

N (%)

N (%)

N (%)

N (%)

N (%)

N (%)

N (%)

N (%)

Infectious diseases

 Tuberculosisa

0.92 (0.79, 1.07)

33 (0.10)

243 (0.05)

47 (0.02)

0 (0.00)

44 (0.15)

229 (0.05)

53 (0.02)

0 (0.00)

 Meningitis (bacterial or viral)a

1.57 (1.36, 1.80)***

33 (0.10)

330 (0.07)

142 (0.06)

1 (0.02)

12 (0.04)

196 (0.04)

97 (0.04)

1 (0.01)

 Influenzaa

1.05 (1.04, 1.06)***

3257 (10.29)

40,304 (8.65)

19,581 (8.06)

234 (3.91)

2940 (10.02)

36,172 (8.25)

17,580 (7.64)

217 (3.73)

Neoplasms

 Cancer of the brain and nervous system

1.09 (0.90, 1.32)

18 (0.06)

133 (0.03)

75 (0.03)

0 (0.00)

6 (0.02)

126 (0.03)

58 (0.03)

4 (0.06)

 Leukaemia

1.26 (1.06, 1.48)**

17 (0.05)

196 (0.04)

105 (0.04)

4 (0.07)

8 (0.03)

157 (0.04)

74 (0.03)

1 (0.02)

 Malignant neoplasms

1.08 (1.02, 1.15)*

129 (0.41)

1402 (0.30)

667 (0.27)

9 (0.15)

107 (0.36)

1231 (0.28)

572 (0.259

8 (0.14)

Anthropometrics

 Overweight

1.06 (1.05, 1.08)***

3809 (18.77)

44,974 (17.52)

20,602 (14.23)

267 (5.93)

3252 (17.24)

38,425 (15.80)

16,985 (12.30)

228 (5.30)

 Obesity

1.33 (1.32, 1.35)***

2159 (10.64)

23,454 (9.14)

8886 (6.14)

78 (1.73)

1530 (8.11)

16,237 (6.71)

5880 (4.27)

57 (1.32)

Mental health

 Mood disorders

0.87 (0.83, 0.91)***

164 (0.52)

2144 (0.46)

780 (0.32)

10 (0.17)

200 (0.68)

2325 (0.53)

823 (0.36)

10 (0.17)

 Adjustment and anxiety disorders

1.06 (1.04, 1.08)***

1788 (5.65)

21,098 (4.53)

7596 (3.13)

56 (0.94)

1638 (5.58)

18,764 (4.28)

6682 (2.91)

47 (0.82)

 ADHD

2.70 (2.63, 2.76)***

1323 (4.18)

16,443 (3.53)

7790 (3.20)

139 (2.32)

437 (1.49)

5863 (1.34)

2627 (1.14)

46 (0.79)

 ASD

4.66 (4.39, 4.94)***

321 (1.01)

4154 (0.89)

2006 (0.83)

21 (0.35)

68 (0.23)

844 (0.19)

401 (0.17)

2 (0.04)

Autoimmune and respiratory diseases

 Acute bronchitisa

1.21 (1.20, 1.21)***

7014 (22.17)

87,062 (18.60)

41,963 (17.26)

669 (11.16)

5471 (18.64)

68,208 (15.50)

32,929 (14.30)

476 (8.20)

 Chronic bronchitis

1.22 (1.21, 1.23)***

3285 (10.38)

40.515 (8.70)

19,404 (7.98)

282 (4.71)

2560 (8.72)

31,430 (7.17)

14,976 (6.51)

201 (3.46)

 Asthma

1.47 (1.45, 1.49)***

2460 (7.77)

32,359 (6.95)

16,639 (6.85)

232 (3.87)

1641 (5.59)

21,122 (4.82)

10,298 (4.48)

128 (2.20)

 Respiratory allergy

1.13 (1.12, 1.14)***

1677 (5.30)

22,128 (4.75)

9797 (4.03)

125 (2.09)

1310 (4.46)

15,929 (3.63)

6640 (2.89)

79 (1.36)

 Dermatitis

0.94 (0.93, 0.94)***

7610 (24.05)

102,065 (21.92)

47,832 (19.68)

668 (11.15)

7886 (26.87)

106,201 (24.23)

48,956 (21.28)

687 (11.82)

 Food allergy

1.08 (1.06, 1.10)***

316 (1.00)

5502 (1.18)

3811 (1.57)

58 (0.96)

240 (0.82)

5073 (1.16)

3640 (1.58)

59 (1.01)

 Cystic fibrosis

1.00 (0.79, 1.28)

3 (0.01)

83 (0.02)

46 (0.02)

1 (0.01)

5 (0.02)

75 (0.02)

44 (0.02)

2 (0.04)

Adverse birth outcomes

 Short gestation, low birth weight, foetal growth retardation

1.04 (1.01, 1.08)*

320 (1.01)

4795 (1.03)

1677 (0.69)

30 (0.50)

310 (1.05)

4276 (0.98)

1568 (0.68)

28 (0.49)

 Intrauterine hypoxia and birth asphyxia and trauma

1.37 (1.29, 1.45)***

173 (0.55)

2102 (0.45)

746 (0.31)

8 (0.14)

85 (0.29)

1480 (0.34)

506 (0.22)

0 (0.00)

 Congenital anomalies

1.18 (1.16, 1.19)***

3343 (10.57)

46,752 (10.04)

21,640 (8.90)

265 (4.42)

2398 (8.17)

36,981 (8.44)

18,183 (7.91)

232 (3.99)

Nervous system

 Paralysis

1.24 (1.14, 1.36)***

71 (0.22)

760 (0.16)

306 (0.13)

3 (0.05)

64 (0.22)

544 (0.12)

252 (0.11)

4 (0.07)

 Epilepsy

1.16 (1.10, 1.21)***

217 (0.68)

2555 (0.55)

1139 (0.47)

28 (0.46)

175 (0.60)

2024 (0.46)

996 (0.43)

9 (0.16)

Circulatory system

 Essential hypertension

1.28 (1.18, 1.38)***

70 (0.22)

1001 (0.22)

343 (0.14)

4 (0.06)

56 (0.19)

731 (0.17)

256 (0.11)

3 (0.05)

 Heart valve disorders

1.18 (1.16, 1.20)***

1054 (3.33)

15,078 (3.24)

7584 (3.12)

97 (1.61)

899 (3.06)

11,970 (2.73)

6075 (2.64)

83 (1.43)

 Acute cerebrovascular disease

1.39 (1.23, 1.57)***

32 (0.10)

413 (0.09)

173 (0.07)

3 (0.06)

22 (0.07)

269 (0.06)

130 (0.06)

3 (0.06)

Others

 Injuriesa

1.18 (1.17, 1.18)***

13,453 (42.52)

16,4317 (35.28)

78,687 (32.37)

1292 (21.57)

10,493 (35.75)

130,995 (29.89)

63,419 (27.57)

990 (17.04)

 Poisoninga

0.99 (0.92, 1.06)

123 (0.39)

1094 (0.23)

438 (0.18)

10 (0.17)

119 (0.41)

1089 (0.25)

372 (0.16)

15 (0.27)

  1. Note: Age-adjusted frequency measures by SEP were calculated according the chronic or acute profile of each disease: aIncidence proportion only for acute bronchitis, influenza, injuries, meningitis, poisoning and tuberculosis, or Period prevalence for the rest of diseases. (Incidence proportion accounts for the number of new cases of the disease and Period prevalence includes all cases of the disease (new and preexisting) during the period)
  2. ADHD Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ASD Autism spectrum disorder
  3. p-value: *(≤0.05), **(≤0.01), ***(≤0.001)