Table 3 Respondent characteristics and bivariate association of social determinants of health with multimorbidity patternsǂ (JHLS-II data, 2007/2008; N = 2551)^ǂ

  Secondary level or higher

77.73

1.00

50.40

0.28*** (0.23, 0.34)

39.01

0.18*** (0.13, 0.24)

77.72

0.85 (0.48, 1.52)

  Employed full-time

44.33

1.00

48.48

0.96 (0.80, 1.15)

31.77

0.60*** (0.46, 0.80)

60.52

1.72* (1.01, 2.94)

  Top 60% wealth quintile

66.61

1.00

62.89

0.81* (0.68, 0.97)

61.59

0.80 (0.61, 1.04)

74.74

1.32 (0.75, 2.33)

  Housing conditions (mean, 95% CI)

10.60 (10.20, 11.00)

1.00

11.06 (10.60, 11.50)

1.05** (1.02, 1.08)

11.42 (10.93, 11.91)

1.09*** (1.04, 1.14)

10.86 (9.73, 11.99)

1.04 (0.96, 1.14)

  Place to obtain fruit & vegetables (in walking distance)

55.19

1.00

54.33

0.89 (0.74, 1.07)

46.43

0.63** (0.48, 0.84)

52.41

0.79 (0.46, 1.36)

  Recreational areas in walking distance

49.15

1.00

49.24

0.91 (0.75, 1.10)

41.89

0.69* (0.52, 0.92)

55.85

1.06 (0.62, 1.82)

  Greater perceived safety

64.64

1.00

72.96

1.17 (0.97, 1.42)

69.65

1.31 (0.97, 1.77)

72.35

1.39 (0.76, 2.52)

  Neighbourhood infrastructure score (mean, 95% CI)

5.22 (5.00, 5.44)

1.00

5.16 (4.93, 5.40)

0.98 (0.93, 1.04)

5.16 (4.89, 5.44)

0.96 (0.88, 1.04)

5.26 (4.90, 5.63)

0.99 (0.84, 1.17)

  Currently use alcohol

69.41

1.00

57.53

0.57*** (0.48, 0.68)

44.14

0.42*** (0.32, 0.55)

69.94

1.04 (0.60, 1.80)

  Past or present smoker

30.62

1.00

34.71

1.22* (1.01, 1.48)

32.43

1.11 (0.82, 1.48)

24.84

0.83 (0.44, 1.56)

  Low levels of physical activity

52.15

1.00

52.46

1.09 (0.91, 1.30)

64.29

1.69*** (1.28, 2.24)

75.38

2.04* (1.15, 3.63)

  Excessive fast-food consumption

13.94

1.00

6.40

0.33*** (0.22, 0.48)

4.33

0.21*** (0.10, 0.44)

5.60

0.40 (0.12, 1.29)

  Consumes SSB at least once daily

50.27

1.00

49.31

0.93 (0.78, 1.12)

39.45

0.70** (0.53, 0.91)

57.35

0.90 (0.53, 1.54)

  Age (mean, 95% CI)

31.98 (31.57, 32.40)

1.00

46.07 (45.03, 47.11)

1.08*** (1.07, 1.08)

56.51 (54.66, 58.36)

1.13*** (1.11, 1.14)

37.90 (33.40, 42.39)

1.04***(1.02, 1.06)

  Female sex

49.53

1.00

48.71

1.08 (0.90, 1.31)

74.86

2.48*** (1.76, 3.50)

69.92

3.09** (1.45, 6.58)

  Insurance coverage

18.82

1.00

16.13

0.76* (0.59, 0.98)

27.05

1.61** (1.18, 2.20)**

25.76

1.16 (0.59, 2.28)

  Recent health service use

39.08

1.00

54.95

2.01*** (1.67, 2.41)

82.57

6.75*** (4.73, 9.64)

79.56

4.05*** (2.16, 7.60)