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Table 3 Anxiety and Depression odds ratio estimates (OR1 and OR) and OR 95% confidence interval (95% C.I. OR) of the multiple logistic regression model

From: Perceptions towards COVID-19 and adoption of preventive measures among the public in Saudi Arabia: a cross sectional study

 

Anxiety

Depression

Socio-demographic factors

OR1

OR

95% C.I.OR

p-value

OR1

OR

95% C.I.OR

p-value

Age Group

 18–24

        

 25–34

0.97

1.146

(0.828–1.587)

0.411

1.25*

1.357

(1.005–1.833)

0.047

 35–44

0.65**

0.792

(0.559–1.122)

0.190

1.00

1.060

(0.776–1.449)

0.714

 45–54

0.32**

0.483

(0.308–0.757)

0.002

0.88

0.952

(0.661–1.37)

0.790

 55–64

0.14**

0.229

(0.108–0.484)

< 0.001

0.44**

0.445

(0.272–0.727)

0.001

 65 years old and above

0.57**

0.751

(0.365–1.546)

0.437

0.48**

0.213

(0.106–0.426)

< 0.001

Gender

 Female

1.49**

1.426

(1.137–1.787)

0.002

1.00

   

Marital status

 Single

        

 Married

0.51**

   

0.71**

   

 Separated/ Divorced

0.65*

   

0.64*

   

 Widowed

1.11

   

0.97

   

Educational or Work-related Qualification

 PhD

        

 Until Secondary/Equivalent

4.05**

3.311

(1.944–5.64)

< 0.001

1.37*

1.232

(0.776–1.956)

0.376

 Pre-Univ.Diploma

4.56**

5.290

(3.086–9.066)

< 0.001

1.94**

2.556

(1.609–4.058)

< 0.001

 University

2.5**

2.057

(1.378–3.069)

< 0.001

1.39**

1.311

(0.963–1.786)

0.086

 High Diploma

1.71*

2.119

(0.798–5.626)

0.132

0.72

0.667

(0.283–1.574)

0.356

 Master

2.67**

2.413

(1.585–3.674)

< 0.001

1.51**

1.386

(1.004–1.914)

0.047

Nationality

 Saudi

1.27*

   

0.69**

0.594

(0.441–0.799)

0.001

Employment

 Unemployed/Not working/Other

        

 Working/student full time

1.23*

1.850

(1.301–2.632)

0.001

0.94

   

 Working part time

0.97

1.422

(0.85–2.377)

0.180

0.69*

   

 Retired

0.19**

0.598

(0.247–1.447)

0.254

0.35**

   

Healthcare worker

1.74**

1.725

(1.302–2.285)

<  0.001

1.35**

1.268

(0.99–1.624)

0.060

Gross Household Income

 Under 1333 USD per month

        

 1333 USD to 2666 USD per month

0.57**

0.622

(0.368–1.05)

0.075

1.08

1.328

(0.804–2.194)

0.268

 2666.67 USD to 3999.74 USD per month

0.53**

0.626

(0.383–1.025)

0.063

1.15

1.733

(1.072–2.802)

0.025

 4000 USD to 5333.07 USD per month

0.32**

0.437

(0.256–0.748)

0.003

0.81

1.314

(0.794–2.177)

0.288

 5333.34 USD to 6666.41 USD per month

0.37**

0.485

(0.275–0.858)

0.013

0.96

1.663

(0.974–2.84)

0.063

 6666.67 USD and over per month

0.34**

0.545

(0.335–0.885)

0.014

0.64**

1.128

(0.696–1.83)

0.624

 Don’t know/ Prefer not to say

0.5**

0.524

(0.324–0.845)

0.008

0.85

1.074

(0.67–1.721)

0.767

Perceived Current State of Health

 Fairly or Very poor/ Prefer not to say

        

 Very good

0.22**

0.259

(0.151–0.443)

< 0.001

0.1**

0.090

(0.049–0.166)

< 0.001

 Fairly good

0.65*

0.664

(0.377–1.17)

0.157

0.24**

0.186

(0.099–0.35)

< 0.001

 Neither good or poor

1.07

1.015

(0.481–2.141)

0.968

0.54*

0.445

(0.199–0.994)

0.048

 At Least One Respiratory/ Cold/ Flu-like Symptom

3.1**

2.338

(1.845–2.962)

< 0.001

2.35**

1.923

(1.547–2.391)

< 0.001

  1. *p-value <  0.20; ** p-value <  0.05. The first categories are the references. . OR1: odds ratio estimate by univariable logistic model. OR odds ratio estimate by multivariable logistic model