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Table 1 Association between background factors, birth weight and low birth weight (LBW)

From: Factors associated with birthweight and adverse pregnancy outcomes among children in rural Guinea-Bissau - a prospective observational study

 

Background factors and low birth weight LBW < 2.500 g

Background factors and birth weight

Background factors

Observationsa

LBW n(%)

Prevalence ratio [95% CI]b

P-value

Mean birth weight in kg (SD)

95% CI

P-valuec

Total

N = 628

104 (17)

  

2.89 (0.43)

  

Sex

0.12

  

< 0.001

 Boys

313

46 (15)

Reference

 

2.95 (0.43)

[2.90, 3.00]

 

 Girls

315

58 (18)

1.25 [0.94, 1.67]

 

2.83 (0.43)

[2.79, 2.88]

 

Twinning

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

 Singleton

617

98 (16)

Reference

 

2.90 (0.43)

[2.87, 2.93]

 

 Twin

11

6 (55)

3.43 [1.96, 6.03]

 

2.34 (0.31)

[2.15, 2.52]

 

Region

< 0.001

  

0.004

 Oio

347

77 (22)

Reference

 

2.84 (0.44)

[2.79, 2.88]

 

 Biombo

132

13 (10)

0.44 [0.25, 0.79]

 

2.96 (0.42)

[2.89, 3.03]

 

 Cacheu

149

14 (9)

0.42 [0.25, 0.73]

 

2.95 (0.39)

[2.89, 3.01]

 

Maternal BCG-scar statusd

   

0.70

  

0.92

 Scar present

401

68 (17)

1.06 [0.78, 1.46]

 

2.89 (0.42)

[2.85, 2.93]

 

 No scar

226

36 (16)

Reference

 

2.89 (0.44)

[2.83, 2.95]

 

Socioeconomic factors

       

Roof type

   

0.57

  

0.45

 Straw roof

134

20 (15)

Reference

 

2.91 (0.47)

[2.84, 2.99]

 

 Hard roof

492

84 (17)

1.14 [0.72, 1.83]

 

2.88 (0.42)

[2.85, 2.92]

 

Radio

   

0.62

  

0.33

 Yes

549

91 (17)

Reference

 

2.90 (0.43)

[2.86, 2.93]

 

 No

63

9 (14)

0.86 [0.48, 1.54]

 

2.85 (0.40)

[2.75, 2.95]

 

Solar panel/Generator

   

0.18

  

0.62

 Yes

280

54 (19)

1.30 [0.88, 1.93]

 

2.88 (0.45)

[2.83, 2.93]

 

 No

338

50 (15)

Reference

 

2.89 (0.42)

[2.85, 2.94]

 

Mobile phone

   

0.01

  

< 0.001

 Yes

369

53 (14)

Reference

 

2.93 (0.42)

[2.89, 2.97]

 

 No

232

48 (21)

1.44 [1.07, 1.93]

 

2.83 (0.45)

[2.77, 2.88]

 

Toilet

   

0.50

  

0.92

 No toilet

152

23 (15)

0.88 [0.62, 1.26]

 

2.89 (0.43)

[2.82, 2.96]

 

 Latrine/Toilet in the house

473

81 (17)

Reference

 

2.89 (0.43)

[2.85, 2.93]

 

Maternal School

   

0.28

  

0.50

 0 years of school

289

56 (19)

Reference

 

2.86 (0.42)

[2.82, 2.91]

 

 1–4 years of school

171

22 (13)

0.66 [0.40, 1.10]

 

2.91 (0.41)

[2.84, 2.97]

 

 More than 4 years of school

133

20 (15)

0.78 [0.43, 1.41]

 

2.92 (0.45)

[2.84, 3.00]

 

Maternal age at birth of child

   

0.30

  

< 0.001

 < 20 years

166

37 (22)

Reference

 

2.76 (0.41)

[2.70, 2.82]

 

 20–27 years

166

27 (16)

0.73 [0.43, 1.23]

 

2.91 (0.43)

[2.84, 2.97]

 

 28–35 years

162

27 (17)

0.75 [0.46, 1.23]

 

2.92 (0.44)

[2.86, 2.99]

 

 > = 36 years

132

13 (10)

0.44 [0.19, 1.02]

 

2.99 (0.41)

[2.92, 3.06]

 

Number of prenatal consultations

   

< 0.001

  

0.002

 None

121

34 (28)

Reference

 

2.79 (0.46)

[2.71, 2.87]

 

 1 or 2

179

27 (15)

0.54 [0.36, 0.79]

 

2.89 (0.39)

[2.83, 2.95]

 

 3 or more

271

36 (13)

0.47 [0.35, 0.63]

 

2.92 (0.44)

[2.87, 2.97]

 

Maternal MUAC

   

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

 1st quartile (= < 240 mm)

156

40 (26)

Reference

 

2.74 (0.41)

[2.68, 2.80]

 

 2nd quartile (242–256 mm)

159

28 (18)

0.69 [0.48, 0.99]

 

2.88 (0.40)

[2.82, 2.94]

 

 3rd quartile (258–276 mm)

149

19 (13)

0.50 [0.27, 0.91]

 

2.94 (0.45)

[2.87, 3.01]

 

 4th quartile (> = 278 mm)

150

16 (11)

0.42 [0.27, 0.64]

 

2.99 (0.43)

[2.92, 3.06]

 

Number of pregnancies

   

0.009

  

0.001

 1

133

33 (25)

Reference

 

2.76 (0.39)

[2.69, 2.82]

 

 2 or 3

234

31 (13)

0.53 [0.36, 0.79]

 

2.93 (0.41)

[2.88, 2.98]

 

 4 or 5

166

31 (19)

0.75 [0.44, 1.30]

 

2.86 (0.46)

[2.79, 2.93]

 

 > 5

90

9 (10)

0.40 [0.19, 0.87]

 

3.03 (0.43)

[2.94, 3.11]

 

Time of pregnancy registration

   

0.59

  

0.14

 1st quartile (= < 77 days)

155

27 (17)

Reference

 

2.88 (0.44)

[2.81, 2.95]

 

 2nd quartile (78–118 days)

154

23 (15)

0.86 [0.53, 1.38]

 

2.85 (0.39)

[2.79, 2.91]

 

 3rd quartile (119–152 days)

160

32 (20)

1.15 [0.76, 1.73]

 

2.88 (0.46)

[2.80, 2.95]

 

 4th quartile (> = 153 days)

158

22 (14)

0.80 [0.46, 1.40]

 

2.95 (0.42)

[2.89, 3.02]

 

Time of weighing

   

0.86

  

0.34

<  24 h

193

31 (16)

Reference

 

2.92 (0.46)

[2.86, 2.99]

 

 24 - < 48 h

264

43 (16)

1.01 [0.63, 1.64]

 

2.86 (0.39)

[2.81, 2.91]

 

 48–72 h

167

30 (18)

1.12 [0.69, 1.82]

 

2.90 (0.45)

[2.83, 2.97]

 

Place of birth

   

0.87

  

0.41

 Home

421

70 (17)

Reference

 

2.89 (0.44)

[2.85, 2.93]

 

 Health Center

140

22 (16)

0.95 [0.62, 1.44]

 

2.90 (0.40)

[2.83, 2.97]

 

 Hospital

54

9 (17)

1.00 [0.63, 1.60]

 

2.93 (0.46)

[2.81, 3.05]

 

 Other

12

3 (25)

1.50 [0.54, 4.21]

 

2.73 (0.41)

[2.50, 2.96]

 

Season of birthd

   

0.45

  

0.29

 Dry Season

313

49 (16)

Reference

 

2.87 (0.40)

[2.83, 2.92]

 

 Rainy Season

315

55 (17)

1.12 [0.84, 1.48]

 

2.91 (0.46)

[2.86, 2.96]

 
  1. a) 628 of 633 enrolled children were weighed. Numbers do not add up to 628 due to missing information on background factors for some children
  2. b) Standard error adjusted for cluster
  3. c) P-value from linear regression of birthweight against the grouped background variables, corrected for intra-cluster correlation using robust standard errors
  4. d) Rainy season: June–November; Dry season: December–May
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