Skip to main content

Table 4 Prevalence estimates of HCS among current smokers and entire survey population, their 95% CIs in ten countries; absolute difference and percentage change between baseline and most recent GATS

From: Changes in adult smoking behaviours in ten global adult tobacco survey (GATS) countries during 2008–2018 - a test of ‘hardening’ hypothesis’

 

HCS among current smokers (HCSs%)

HCS in the entire survey population (HCSp%)

Men

Women

Both sexes

Men

Women

Both sexes

India 2009

18.4 (16.8, 20.0)

10.4 (7.2, 13.5)

18.0 (16.1, 19.0)

4.5 (4.0, 4.9)

0.3 (0.2, 0.4)

2.5 (2.2, 2.7)

India 2016

15.8 (14.3, 17.3)

8.8 (5.4, 12.2)

15.2 (13.8, 16.5)

3.0 (2.7, 3.28)

0.2 (0.1, 0.2)

1.6 (1.5, 1.8)

Absolute change

−2.6

−1.6

− 2.8

−1.46

−0.2

− 0.8

% change

−14.3

− 15.0

− 15.6

−32.7

− 45.2

−34.2

P-value

0.020

0.50

0.006

< 0.001

0.079

< 0.001

Bangladesh 2009

16.7 (14.1, 19.3)

15.0 (1.5, 28.5)

32.2 (31.1, 33.3)

7.5 (6.2, 8.7)

0.2 (0.1, 0.5)

3.8 (3.4, 4.3)

Bangladesh 2017

14.5 (11.9, 17.0)

11.8 (1.3, 22.2)

14.4 (11.9, 16.9)

4.8 (3.9, 5.6)

0.1 (0.1, 0.2)

2.4 (2.0, 2.8)

Absolute change

−2.2

−3.2

−17.8

− 2.7

−0.2

− 1.5

% change

− 13.1

−21.3

−55.2

−35.8

− 65.2

− 37.9

P-value

0.242

0.713

< 0.001

0.001

0.153

< 0.001

China 2010

32.3 (31.1, 33.3)

30.9 (27.1, 34.8)

35.5 (34.5, 36.5)

5.1 (4.4, 5.9)

0.1 (0.1, 0.2)

2.7 (2.3, 3.0)

China 2018

23.1 (20.1, 25.4)

17.6 (10.5, 24.7)

22.9 (20.6, 25.1)

10.2 (9.1,11.3)

0.3 (0.1, 0.4)

5.3 (4.7, 5.9)

Absolute change

−9.2

−13.3

−12.6

5.1

0.2

4.0

% change

−28.5

−43.0

−55.1

100

125

42.9

P-value

< 0.001

0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

Mexico 2009

4.6 (3.1, 6.1)

2.8 (0.6, 4.9)

4.1 (2.9, 5.4)

1.2 (0.8, 1.5)

0.2 (0.1, 0.4)

0.7 (0.45, 0.87)

Mexico 2015

5.1 (3.4, 6.76)

2.7 (1.1, 4.2)

4.4 (3.2, 5.7)

1.3 (0.8, 1.7)

0.2 (0.01–0.3)

0.7 (0.51, 0.94)

Absolute change

0.5

−0.1

0.3

0.13

0

0.1

% change

9.7

−3.3

7.2

11.3

0

10.6

P-value

0.663

0.941

0.739

0.621

1.0

1.0

Philippines 2009

22.0 (19.7, 24.4)

8.2 (5.0, 11.4)

19.8 (17.7, 21.9)

10.6 (9.4, 11.8)

0.7 (0.4, 1.0)

5.6 (4.9, 6.3)

Philippines 2015

18.0 (15.8, 20.2)

8.4 (4.6, 12.1)

16.9 (14.9, 19.0)

7.3 (6.3, 8.2)

0.4 (0.2, 0.6)

3.8 (3.3, 4.4)

Absolute change

−4.0

0.2

−2.9

−3.3

−0.3

−1.8

% change

−18.2

2.0

−14.5

−31.2

− 41.9

− 31.4

P-value

0.015

0.707

0.052

< 0.001

0.14

< 0.001

Russia 2009

39.5 (36.9, 42.1)

18.4 (15.1, 21.8)

33.1 (30.9, 35.3)

23.8 (22.2, 25.4)

4.0 (3.2, 4.8)

13.0 (12.0, 13.9)

Russia 2016

37.6 (34.8, 40.5)

24.9 (20.9, 29.0)

34.3 (31.7, 36.9)

18.6 (17.0, 20.3)

3.6 (2.9, 4.3)

10.4 (9.5, 11.4)

Absolute change

−1.9

6.5

1.2

−5.2

−0.4

−2.6

% change

−4.7

35.3

3.7

−21.7

−10

− 19.7

P-value

0.334

0.015

0.489

< 0.001

0.46

0.001

Turkey 2008

21.0 (18.7, 23.4)

16.1 (11.9, 20.2)

20.0 (17.8, 22.1)

9.2 (8.1, 10.4)

1.9 (1.3, 2.4)

5.5 (4.8, 6.1)

Turkey 2016

34.4 (31.5, 37.3)

30.1 (25.6, 34.5)

33.1 (30.5, 30.8)

14.4 (13.0, 15.8)

5.3 (4.4, 6.2)

9.8 (8.9, 10.1)

Absolute change

13.4

14.0

13.2

5.6

3.4

4.3

% change

63.6

87.1

66.0

55.9

183.3

79

P-value

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

Ukraine 2010

33.3 (30.8, 35.8)

21.2 (15.7, 26.7)

30.7 (28.5, 32.9)

16.7 (15.2, 18.1)

2.4 (1.7, 3.1)

8.9 (8.1, 9.6)

Ukraine 2017

39.5 (36.2, 42.8)

19.2 (13.5, 24.8)

35.2 (32.3, 38.1)

15.7 (14.1, 17.7)

1.7 (1.1, 2.3)

8.0 (7.3, 8.8)

Absolute change

6.2

−2.1

4.5

−1

−0.7

−0.8

% change

18.7

−9.8

14.7

−5.9

−30.1

−9.5

P-value

0.003

0.619

0.015

0.396

0.614

0.096

Uruguay 2009

17.6 (13.5, 21.7)

14.1 (9.6, 18.4)

16.1 (13.0, 19.1)

4.4 (3.2, 5.5)

2.3 (1.5, 3.1)

3.3 (2.6, 3.9)

Uruguay 2017

17.7 (13.6, 21.7)

15.9 (12.4, 19.4)

16.9 (13.9, 19.8)

3.7 (2.8, 4.5)

2.4 (1.8, 3.0)

3.0 (2.5, 3.5)

Absolute change

0.1

1.8

0.8

−0.7

0.1

− 0.3

% change

0.5

12.6

5.0

−15.8

3.9

−8.5

P-value

0.928

0.056

0.289

0.337

0.803

0.473

Vietnam 2010

20.8 (18.8, 22.9)

21.8 (14.0, 29.6)

20.9 (18.8, 22.9)

9.9 (8.8, 11.0)

0.3 (0.2, 0.5)

4.9 (4.4, 5.5)

Vietnam 2015

27.7 (25.3, 30.0)

28.3 (14.0, 42.6)

27.7 (25.4, 30.0)

12.5 (11.3, 13.8)

0.3 (0.1, 0.5)

6.2 (5.6, 6.9)

Absolute change

6.8

6.5

6.8

2.7

−0.1

1.3

% change

32.7

29.8

32.6

26.9

−3.1

25.8

P-value

< 0.001

0.434

0 < 0.001

0.002

0.937

0.002