Table 4 Summary of behavioural outcomes
Study | Measure | Outcome in Control Group | Outcome in Intervention Group | Statistical significance (p) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Bourgeois 2008 [16] | Likelihood of staying home during an infectious respiratory illness during the study | 39% (16/41) | 14% (5/35) | p = .02 |
Self-reported hand hygiene: | ||||
Q1.a. (content of question not reported) | 93% (40/43) | 89% (50/56) | OR = 0.9 (0.2–4.4), p = .88 | |
Q1.b. (content of question not reported) | 81% (35/43) | 84% (47/56) | OR = 1.2 (0.4–3.8), p = .75 | |
Q1.c. (content of question not reported) | 86% (37/43) | 86% (48/ 56) | OR = 1.9 (0.5–7.6), p = .36 | |
Self-reported cough etiquette: | ||||
Q2.a. (content of question not reported) | 72% (31/43) | 68% (38/56) | OR = 0.7 (0.3–1.6), p = .37 | |
Q2.b. (content of question not reported) | 86% (37/43) | 93% (52/56) | OR = 2.3 (0.5–9.6), p = .27 | |
Q2.c. (content of question not reported) | 51% (22/43) | 28 (50% (28/56) | OR = 1.0 (0.4–2.5), p = .93 | |
Q2.d. (content of question not reported) | 91% (39/43) | 98% (55/56) | OR = 5.7 (0.6–53.4), p = .13 | |
Q2.e. (content of question not reported) | 70% (30/43) | 79% (44/56) | OR = 1.8 (0.6–5.1), p = .30 | |
Q2.f. (content of question not reported) | 58% (25/43) | 59% (33/56) | OR = 1.1 (0.5–2.7), p = .81 | |
Hu 2018 [17] | Proportion of children who mastered the correct way of washing hands | 76.67% (23/30) | 96.67% (29/30) | χ2 = 5.192, p < 0.05 |
Proportion of children who formed good habits of washing hands | 66.67% (20/30) | 96.67% (29/30) | χ2 = 9.017, p < 0.05 | |
Little 2015 [9] | Proportion who said they washed hands 10+ times per day at 4-month follow-up | 37.20% (3228/8667) | 52.73% (4361/8270) | OR = 1.96 (1.83, 2.10), p < 0.0001 |
Judah 2009 [19] | Soap use ratio (soap use divided by number of restroom users in the trial period) in the men’s restroom; seven intervention domains, each compared to the blank passive control (relative increase, %): | |||
Disgust | 0.317 | 0.348 (9.8%) | p = .001 | |
Norms/ affiliation | 0.317 | 0.347 (9.6%) | p = .003 | |
Status/identity | 0.317 | 0.343 (8.3%) | p = .012 | |
Positive control | 0.317 | 0.343 (8.2%) | p = .010 | |
Cue | 0.317 | 0.341 (7.7%) | p = .014 | |
Comfort | 0.317 | 0.341 (7.5%) | p = .020 | |
Knowledge of risk | 0.317 | 0.336 (6.0%) | p = .044 | |
Knowledge activation | 0.317 | 0.33 (5.1%) | p = .093 | |
Soap use ratio (soap use divided by number of restroom users in the trial period) in the women’s restroom; seven intervention domains, each compared to the blank passive control (relative increase, %): | ||||
Knowledge activation | 0.651 | 0.711 (9.4%) | p = .001 | |
Positive control | 0.651 | 0.708 (8.9%) | p = .002 | |
Knowledge of risk | 0.651 | 0.706 (8.6%) | p = .003 | |
Norms/ affiliation | 0.651 | 0.698 (7.3%) | p = .008 | |
Status/identity | 0.651 | 0.692 (6.4%) | p = .021 | |
Disgust | 0.651 | 0.683 (5.0%) | p = .0.78 | |
Cue | 0.651 | 0.674 (3.5%) | p = .178 | |
Comfort | 0.651 | 0.654 (0.6%) | p = .832 | |
Tidwell 2019 [20] Study 2 | Number of times per day that new mothers washed their hands with soap at end of study (M) | 8.8 | 10.1 (Adj RR: 1.04) | p = .035 |
Number of times per day that mothers of 4–7 year olds washed their hands with soap at end of study (M) | 6.8 | 7.8 (Adj RR: 1.07) | p = .007 | |
Wu 2020 [21] | Proportion of children who wash hands before eating and after going to the toilet at end of study | 71.7% (987/1376) | 93.6% (1300/1389) | χ2 = 231.07, p < 0.01 |
Proportion of children who wash hands after going out at end of study | 69.1% (951/1376) | 92.6% (1286/1389) | χ2 = 246.48, p < 0.01 | |