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Table 2 Variables related to provider

From: Factors associated with public attitudes towards persons with disabilities: a systematic review

Factors

Ref.

Instruments

Study population and setting

Results

Gender

[10]

ATTID

Participants: 1605adults

Setting: Québec, Canada

While men have more negative attitudes regarding discomfort, women have more negative attitudes to the knowledge about competence and rights

[20]

CLAS-MR (Form A & B)

Participants: 452 adults

Setting: Karachi, Pakistan

Females hold more positive attitudes toward individuals with intellectual disability

[28]

TATDP

Participants: University students (582 from Medical School, 224 from School of Nursing)

Setting: Ege University, Turkey

Females have better attitude towards the disabled people than males

[29]

CATCHs; MAS

Participants: 200 high school and 144 university students

Setting: Nijmegen, Netherlands

Girls have more positive attitude towards the disabled

[19]

ATDP (Form B)

Participants: 297 medical and dental students and healthcare professionals

Setting: San Francisco, United States

Compared with men, women have more positive attitude towards people with physical disabilities

[30]

ATDP (Form B)

Participants: 634 college students, and 234 healthcare professionals

Setting: Tel Aviv University, Israel

Gender is not related to attitudes among students

[31]

A specially designed attitude questionnaire

Participants: 129 individuals

Setting: Pennsylvania, United state

Women have more positive attitude towards the disabled than men

[32]

ATDP (Form A)

Participants: 197 clinical physiotherapy students

Setting: Three Universities in Nigeria

Gender has no influence on attitude

Age

[10]

ATTID

Participants:1605 participants

Setting: Québec, Canada

More positive attitudes are revealed among younger participants.

[14]

ADS

Participants: 2912 people with disability, 507 caregivers, and 354 members of the public

Setting: Guangzhou, China

Older people have more negative effects on attitude towards disability

[20]

CLAS-MR (Form A & B)

Participants: 452 Pakistani nationals

Setting: Karachi, Pakistan

Younger individuals have more negative attitudes towards the disabled

[29]

CATCHs; MAS

Participants: 200 high school and 144 university students

Setting: Nijmegen, Netherlands

The older the respondents, the more positive their attitudes towards the disabled

[19]

ATDP (Form B)

Participants: 297 medical and dental students, and healthcare professionals

Setting: San Francisco, United state

Age was not significantly correlated with ATDP scores, and would have no effect on attitudes.

[31]

A specially designed attitude questionnaire

Participants: 129 individuals

Setting: Pennsylvania, United States

Younger adults generally voice more favorable attitudes than older adults

[32]

ATDP (Form A)

Participants: 197 clinical physiotherapy students

Setting: Three universities in Nigeria

Older students have better attitudes towards the disabled

[21]

MRAI-R

Participants:135 participants

Setting: Taiwan, China

Old people tend to have more positive attitude to the disabled

[22]

ATDP (Form O)

Participants: 587 undergraduate nursing students

Setting: Three cities in Turkey

People between 18 and 21 years old are more positive towards the disabled than people aged 22 and over

[23]

ATDP (Form A);SADP;CLAS-MR

Participants: 78 nursing students and 43 non-nursing peers

Setting: Netherlands

Older age is a marginally statistically significant predictor of a more positive attitude to physically disabled persons by the ATDP-A, but not the SADP

[33]

ATDP (Form O)

Participants: 67 baccalaureate nursing students

Setting: University in the Midwest, United States

Age fails to contribute significantly to the change in nursing students’ attitudes

Education

[10]

ATTID

Participants: 1605 adults

Setting: Québec, Canada

More positive attitudes are revealed among better educated participants

[20]

CLAS-MR (Form A &B)

Participants: 452 Pakistani nationals

Setting: Karachi, Pakistan

Well-educated Pakistanis are more positive about people with intellectual disabilities

[33]

ATDP (Form O)

Participants: 67 baccalaureate nursing students

Setting: United States

Junior and senior students show more positive attitudes than sophomore students towards the disabled

[22]

ATDP (Form A)

Participants:197 clinical physiotherapy students

Setting: Three Universities in Nigeria

Students of the University of Maiduguri had more positive attitude compared to students of the University of Ibadan and Nnamdi Azikiwe University

Contact

[10]

ATTID

Participants: 1605 adults

Setting: Québec, Canada

The more frequent the contact, the more positive the attitudes

[14]

ADS

Participants:2912 people with disability, 507 caregivers, and 354 members of the public

setting: Guangzhou, China

The longer caregivers cared for disabled people, the more negative attitudes towards the disabled people

[28]

TATDP

Participants: University students (582 from Medical School, 224 from School of Nursing)

Setting: Ege University, Turkey

Those who were previously in close contact with disabled people have significantly better attitude than those who were not.

[19]

ATDP (Form B)

Number: 297 medical and dental students and healthcare professionals

Setting: San Francisco, United State

The frequent contact individuals have better attitude towards the disabled

[21]

MRAI-R

Participants:135 healthy participants

Setting: Taiwan, China

The longer they worked with colleagues with disabilities, the more positive their mood was

[22]

ATDP (Form O)

Participants: 587 undergraduate nursing students

Setting: Three cities in Turkey

Whether students had experience of contacting with disabled in clinical practice, there was no statistically significant difference in students’ attitude

[34]

SADP

Participants:338 Chinese students in three secondary schools

Setting: Hong Kong, China

Students who had the least contact with the disabled are more optimistic and concerned about the human rights situation of the disabled and have fewer misunderstandings about the disabled.

[35]

the Interaction with Disabled Persons scale; the Community Living Attitudes scale; and the Barriers to Exercise scale

Participants: 16 students and 16 young adults with Down syndrome

Setting: Australia

Contact with young adults with disabilities can lead to positive changes in students’ attitudes towards disability

[36]

GNAT

Participants:550adults

Setting: United States

Higher quality of contact predicted stronger positive implicit attitudes toward intellectual and developmental disability; however quantity of contact was related to higher levels of explicit prejudice.

[37]

The Disability Questionnaire

Participants:142 employers

Setting:Colorado Springs, United States

Having a high level of experience working with disabled employees can generate positive employer attitudes

[38]

Students’ Attitudes toward People with a Disability Scale

Participants:406 students at a mainstream secondary school

Setting: Hong Kong

Students having social contact and participating educational programs have a higher positive change in their attitudes.

Familiarity

[29]

CATCHs; MAS

Participants: 200 high school and 144 university students

Setting: Nijmegen, Netherlands

Being familiarity with a disabled person has a significant positive effect on attitudes

[20]

CLAS-MR (Form A & B)

Participants:452 Pakistani nationals

Setting: Karachi, Pakistan

Participants who reported having a friend or relative with a disability have significantly different attitudes than individuals without a friend or relative with a disability

[23]

ATDP (Form A)

Participants: 78 nursing students and 43 non-nursing peers

Setting: Netherlands

An important additional predictor of a more positive attitude about physically disabled people was having a relative or friend with a physical disability, but this association was not apparent in attitudes towards intellectually disabled persons

[33]

ATDP (Form O)

Participants: 67 baccalaureate nursing students

Setting: United States

There were no significant differences in attitudes toward people with disabilities based on having a family member or friend with a disability or being in frequent personal contact with a disabled individual.

[39]

DSDS

Participants: 402 entry-level occupational therapists

Setting: United States

Respondents who exhibited a greater amount of nonclinical contact with persons with disabilities would exhibit more positive attitudes toward these persons

[24]

The Interaction with Disabled Persons’ Scale

Participants:2299 students from 37physiotherapy and 24 occupational therapy schools

Setting: United Kingdom

Students who have found a family member with a disability or who has an informal social connection with a person with a disability are more positive than those who do not.

[40]

ATDP (Form O)

Participant:166 college students

Setting: United States

Previous working experiences with people with disabilities have a greater positive attitude than those who do not work with people with disabilities,

[25]

CATCH

Participant: 357 elementary school male students (grades 3–6)

Setting: Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia

Participants from schools that included students with intellectual disabilities had more positive attitudes towards peers with disabilities than those in schools that did not include such students. But having a relative with a disability did not have a significant influence

Knowledge

[28]

TATDP

Participants: University students (582 from Medical School, 224 from School of Nursing)

Setting: Ege University, Turkey

People who have knowledge about the attitudes towards the disabled in advance will have a better attitude.

[22]

ATDP-form O

Participants: 587 undergraduate nursing students

Setting: Three cities in Turkey

Prior knowledge has a positive impact on creativity, consciousness and development attitude

[26]

CAMI

Participants: 62 primary care nurses

Setting: three major healthcare centers in Brunei

Increase in knowledge level decreases social restrictiveness (negative) attitude

[37]

The disability questionnaire

Participants:142 employers

Setting:Colorado Springs, United States

Employer attitudes was not related to their knowledge about what constitutes ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act)

Profession

[30]

ATDP (Form B)

Participants: 634 college students and 234 healthcare professionals

Setting: Tel Aviv University, Israel

X-ray technicians have lesser positive attitudes toward the person with disability than occupational therapists, nurses, family doctors and physical therapists.

[41]

The Teacher Integration Attitudes Questionnaire

Participants: Teachers of physical education (56) and music education (54)

Setting: University of Kansas, United States

Music education teachers held significantly less favorable attitudes towards children with emotional and behavioral disorders; Physical education teachers held significantly less favorable attitudes about socialization of children with orthopedic handicaps

Religion

[29]

CATCHs; MAS

Participants:200 high school and 144 university students

Setting: Nijmegen, Netherlands

Religion does not influence the attitude on the disabled

[42]

A picture-ranking interview of specific physical disabilities

Participants: 54 children with craniofacial anomalies and 68 healthy children

Setting: Negros, Philippines

Religions’ beliefs are very significant for comprehending attitudes toward disabled groups

[30]

ATDP (Form B)

Participants: 634 college students and 234 healthcare professionals

Setting: Tel Aviv University, Israel

Religion does not influence the attitude on the disabled

Income

[10]10]

ATTID

Participants: 1605 adults

Setting: Québec, Canada

Attitudes are generally not associated with income

Self-esteem

[29]

CATCHs; MAS

Participants:200 high school and 144 university students

Setting: Nijmegen, Netherlands

For behavior and positive affect index, the higher the participants’ self-esteem, the more positive attitude was toward deaf and blind peers, but not toward paralyzed and intellectually disabled peers; for cognition and negative affect index, self-esteem affects attitudes toward all the disabled, except the paralyzed peers.

  1. ATDP The Attitudes toward Disabled People, CATCHs The Chedoke-McMaster Attitudes Toward Children with Handicaps, ATTID The Attitudes Toward Intellectual Disability, MAS Multidimensional Attitudes Scale toward Persons with Disabilities, ADS The Attitudes to Disability Scale, CLAS-MR the Community Living Attitudes Scale—Mental Retardation Form, CAMI The Community Attitudes Towards Mental Illness Scale, MRAI-R The Mental Retardation Attitude Inventory-Revised, GNAT A Go/No-go Association Task, DSDS The Disability Social Distance Scale, SADP Scale of Attitudes towards Disabled Persons, IM4Q Independent Monitoring for Quality, ID Intellectual Disabilities, ADA The Americans with Disabilities Act, TATDP Turkish Attitudes towards Disabled Person Scale, IDD Intellectual and Developmental Disability