From: Factors associated with public attitudes towards persons with disabilities: a systematic review
Factors | Ref. | Instruments | Study population and setting | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | [10] | ATTID | Participants: 1605adults Setting: Québec, Canada | While men have more negative attitudes regarding discomfort, women have more negative attitudes to the knowledge about competence and rights |
[20] | CLAS-MR (Form A & B) | Participants: 452 adults Setting: Karachi, Pakistan | Females hold more positive attitudes toward individuals with intellectual disability | |
[28] | TATDP | Participants: University students (582 from Medical School, 224 from School of Nursing) Setting: Ege University, Turkey | Females have better attitude towards the disabled people than males | |
[29] | CATCHs; MAS | Participants: 200 high school and 144 university students Setting: Nijmegen, Netherlands | Girls have more positive attitude towards the disabled | |
[19] | ATDP (Form B) | Participants: 297 medical and dental students and healthcare professionals Setting: San Francisco, United States | Compared with men, women have more positive attitude towards people with physical disabilities | |
[30] | ATDP (Form B) | Participants: 634 college students, and 234 healthcare professionals Setting: Tel Aviv University, Israel | Gender is not related to attitudes among students | |
[31] | A specially designed attitude questionnaire | Participants: 129 individuals Setting: Pennsylvania, United state | Women have more positive attitude towards the disabled than men | |
[32] | ATDP (Form A) | Participants: 197 clinical physiotherapy students Setting: Three Universities in Nigeria | Gender has no influence on attitude | |
Age | [10] | ATTID | Participants:1605 participants Setting: Québec, Canada | More positive attitudes are revealed among younger participants. |
[14] | ADS | Participants: 2912 people with disability, 507 caregivers, and 354 members of the public Setting: Guangzhou, China | Older people have more negative effects on attitude towards disability | |
[20] | CLAS-MR (Form A & B) | Participants: 452 Pakistani nationals Setting: Karachi, Pakistan | Younger individuals have more negative attitudes towards the disabled | |
[29] | CATCHs; MAS | Participants: 200 high school and 144 university students Setting: Nijmegen, Netherlands | The older the respondents, the more positive their attitudes towards the disabled | |
[19] | ATDP (Form B) | Participants: 297 medical and dental students, and healthcare professionals Setting: San Francisco, United state | Age was not significantly correlated with ATDP scores, and would have no effect on attitudes. | |
[31] | A specially designed attitude questionnaire | Participants: 129 individuals Setting: Pennsylvania, United States | Younger adults generally voice more favorable attitudes than older adults | |
[32] | ATDP (Form A) | Participants: 197 clinical physiotherapy students Setting: Three universities in Nigeria | Older students have better attitudes towards the disabled | |
[21] | MRAI-R | Participants:135 participants Setting: Taiwan, China | Old people tend to have more positive attitude to the disabled | |
[22] | ATDP (Form O) | Participants: 587 undergraduate nursing students Setting: Three cities in Turkey | People between 18 and 21 years old are more positive towards the disabled than people aged 22 and over | |
[23] | ATDP (Form A);SADP;CLAS-MR | Participants: 78 nursing students and 43 non-nursing peers Setting: Netherlands | Older age is a marginally statistically significant predictor of a more positive attitude to physically disabled persons by the ATDP-A, but not the SADP | |
[33] | ATDP (Form O) | Participants: 67 baccalaureate nursing students Setting: University in the Midwest, United States | Age fails to contribute significantly to the change in nursing students’ attitudes | |
Education | [10] | ATTID | Participants: 1605 adults Setting: Québec, Canada | More positive attitudes are revealed among better educated participants |
[20] | CLAS-MR (Form A &B) | Participants: 452 Pakistani nationals Setting: Karachi, Pakistan | Well-educated Pakistanis are more positive about people with intellectual disabilities | |
[33] | ATDP (Form O) | Participants: 67 baccalaureate nursing students Setting: United States | Junior and senior students show more positive attitudes than sophomore students towards the disabled | |
[22] | ATDP (Form A) | Participants:197 clinical physiotherapy students Setting: Three Universities in Nigeria | Students of the University of Maiduguri had more positive attitude compared to students of the University of Ibadan and Nnamdi Azikiwe University | |
Contact | [10] | ATTID | Participants: 1605 adults Setting: Québec, Canada | The more frequent the contact, the more positive the attitudes |
[14] | ADS | Participants:2912 people with disability, 507 caregivers, and 354 members of the public setting: Guangzhou, China | The longer caregivers cared for disabled people, the more negative attitudes towards the disabled people | |
[28] | TATDP | Participants: University students (582 from Medical School, 224 from School of Nursing) Setting: Ege University, Turkey | Those who were previously in close contact with disabled people have significantly better attitude than those who were not. | |
[19] | ATDP (Form B) | Number: 297 medical and dental students and healthcare professionals Setting: San Francisco, United State | The frequent contact individuals have better attitude towards the disabled | |
[21] | MRAI-R | Participants:135 healthy participants Setting: Taiwan, China | The longer they worked with colleagues with disabilities, the more positive their mood was | |
[22] | ATDP (Form O) | Participants: 587 undergraduate nursing students Setting: Three cities in Turkey | Whether students had experience of contacting with disabled in clinical practice, there was no statistically significant difference in students’ attitude | |
[34] | SADP | Participants:338 Chinese students in three secondary schools Setting: Hong Kong, China | Students who had the least contact with the disabled are more optimistic and concerned about the human rights situation of the disabled and have fewer misunderstandings about the disabled. | |
[35] | the Interaction with Disabled Persons scale; the Community Living Attitudes scale; and the Barriers to Exercise scale | Participants: 16 students and 16 young adults with Down syndrome Setting: Australia | Contact with young adults with disabilities can lead to positive changes in students’ attitudes towards disability | |
[36] | GNAT | Participants:550adults Setting: United States | Higher quality of contact predicted stronger positive implicit attitudes toward intellectual and developmental disability; however quantity of contact was related to higher levels of explicit prejudice. | |
[37] | The Disability Questionnaire | Participants:142 employers Setting:Colorado Springs, United States | Having a high level of experience working with disabled employees can generate positive employer attitudes | |
[38] | Students’ Attitudes toward People with a Disability Scale | Participants:406 students at a mainstream secondary school Setting: Hong Kong | Students having social contact and participating educational programs have a higher positive change in their attitudes. | |
Familiarity | [29] | CATCHs; MAS | Participants: 200 high school and 144 university students Setting: Nijmegen, Netherlands | Being familiarity with a disabled person has a significant positive effect on attitudes |
[20] | CLAS-MR (Form A & B) | Participants:452 Pakistani nationals Setting: Karachi, Pakistan | Participants who reported having a friend or relative with a disability have significantly different attitudes than individuals without a friend or relative with a disability | |
[23] | ATDP (Form A) | Participants: 78 nursing students and 43 non-nursing peers Setting: Netherlands | An important additional predictor of a more positive attitude about physically disabled people was having a relative or friend with a physical disability, but this association was not apparent in attitudes towards intellectually disabled persons | |
[33] | ATDP (Form O) | Participants: 67 baccalaureate nursing students Setting: United States | There were no significant differences in attitudes toward people with disabilities based on having a family member or friend with a disability or being in frequent personal contact with a disabled individual. | |
[39] | DSDS | Participants: 402 entry-level occupational therapists Setting: United States | Respondents who exhibited a greater amount of nonclinical contact with persons with disabilities would exhibit more positive attitudes toward these persons | |
[24] | The Interaction with Disabled Persons’ Scale | Participants:2299 students from 37physiotherapy and 24 occupational therapy schools Setting: United Kingdom | Students who have found a family member with a disability or who has an informal social connection with a person with a disability are more positive than those who do not. | |
[40] | ATDP (Form O) | Participant:166 college students Setting: United States | Previous working experiences with people with disabilities have a greater positive attitude than those who do not work with people with disabilities, | |
[25] | CATCH | Participant: 357 elementary school male students (grades 3–6) Setting: Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia | Participants from schools that included students with intellectual disabilities had more positive attitudes towards peers with disabilities than those in schools that did not include such students. But having a relative with a disability did not have a significant influence | |
Knowledge | [28] | TATDP | Participants: University students (582 from Medical School, 224 from School of Nursing) Setting: Ege University, Turkey | People who have knowledge about the attitudes towards the disabled in advance will have a better attitude. |
[22] | ATDP-form O | Participants: 587 undergraduate nursing students Setting: Three cities in Turkey | Prior knowledge has a positive impact on creativity, consciousness and development attitude | |
[26] | CAMI | Participants: 62 primary care nurses Setting: three major healthcare centers in Brunei | Increase in knowledge level decreases social restrictiveness (negative) attitude | |
[37] | The disability questionnaire | Participants:142 employers Setting:Colorado Springs, United States | Employer attitudes was not related to their knowledge about what constitutes ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) | |
Profession | [30] | ATDP (Form B) | Participants: 634 college students and 234 healthcare professionals Setting: Tel Aviv University, Israel | X-ray technicians have lesser positive attitudes toward the person with disability than occupational therapists, nurses, family doctors and physical therapists. |
[41] | The Teacher Integration Attitudes Questionnaire | Participants: Teachers of physical education (56) and music education (54) Setting: University of Kansas, United States | Music education teachers held significantly less favorable attitudes towards children with emotional and behavioral disorders; Physical education teachers held significantly less favorable attitudes about socialization of children with orthopedic handicaps | |
Religion | [29] | CATCHs; MAS | Participants:200 high school and 144 university students Setting: Nijmegen, Netherlands | Religion does not influence the attitude on the disabled |
[42] | A picture-ranking interview of specific physical disabilities | Participants: 54 children with craniofacial anomalies and 68 healthy children Setting: Negros, Philippines | Religions’ beliefs are very significant for comprehending attitudes toward disabled groups | |
[30] | ATDP (Form B) | Participants: 634 college students and 234 healthcare professionals Setting: Tel Aviv University, Israel | Religion does not influence the attitude on the disabled | |
Income | [10]10] | ATTID | Participants: 1605 adults Setting: Québec, Canada | Attitudes are generally not associated with income |
Self-esteem | [29] | CATCHs; MAS | Participants:200 high school and 144 university students Setting: Nijmegen, Netherlands | For behavior and positive affect index, the higher the participants’ self-esteem, the more positive attitude was toward deaf and blind peers, but not toward paralyzed and intellectually disabled peers; for cognition and negative affect index, self-esteem affects attitudes toward all the disabled, except the paralyzed peers. |