Risk and protective factors for anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic

BMC Public Health

Table 3 Analyses of the Association Between Characteristic and Anxiety Level (n = 19,802)

Variable	t-value	df	Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)^a
Age, year
14–24	46.64	1	0.67 (0.59, 0.75)^**
25–35	47.49	1	1.48 (1.33, 1.66)^**
36–55	–	–	1.00
Sex
Male	70.81	1	1.40 (1.29, 1.51)^**
Female	–	–	1.00
Race
The Hans	19.55	1	0.69 (0.59, 0.82)^**
Other	–	–	1.00
Job
Student, employee	0.60	1	1.07 (0.91, 1.25)
Self-employed	27.83	1	1.62 (1.35, 1.93)^**
Retired and unemployed	–	–	1.00
Body mass index, kg/m²
< 18.5	2.11	1	1.09 (0.97, 1.22)
18.5–23.9	0.51	1	0.97 (0.89, 1.06)
> 23.9	–	–	1.00
Chronic disease^b
Yes	51.58	1	1.93 (1.61, 2.31)^**
No	–	–	1.00
Regular physical activity^c
Yes	61.54	1	1.37 (1.26, 1.48)^**
No	–	–	1.00
Smoking status^d
Current smoker	1.41	1	1.08 (0.95, 1.23)
Former smoker	5.16	1	1.21 (1.03, 1.43)^*
Non-smoker	–	–	1.00
Drinking status^e
Current drinker	0.01	1	1.00 (0.89, 1.11)
Former drinker	7.14	1	1.17 (1.04, 1.31)^*
Non-drinker	–	–	1.00
Contact history^f
Yes	7.022	1	1.15 (1.04, 1.28)^*
No	–	–	1.00
Suspicion of SARS-CoV-2 infection
Yes	22.64	1	1.66 (1.35, 2.04)^**
No	–	–	1.00
Front-line medical personnel
Yes	111.09	1	2.12 (1.85, 2.44)^**
No	–	–	1.00
Gatherings & meetings^g
Yes	18.26	1	0.83 (0.76, 0.90)^**
No	–	–	1.00
Meeting relatives or friends coming from Hubei in the past month
Yes	7.45	1	1.23 (1.06, 1.43)^*
No	–	–	1.00
Exposure to wild animals
Yes	5.61	1	1.31 (1.05, 1.63)^*
No	–	–	1.00
Wearing masks
Yes	40.16	1	0.71 (0.64, 0.79)^**
No	–	–	1.00
Knowledge about personal protective measures
Yes	1272.24	1	0.25 (0.23, 0.27)^**
No	–	–	1.00
Present symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection^h
Yes	12.63	1	1.40 (1.16, 1.68)^**
No	–	–	1.00

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval
^aAll variables were used in the ordinal multivariate logistic regression. The participants with severe anxiety were selected as the reference frame
^bIncluding hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic bronchitis, heart disease, gout, thyroid nodules, thyroid cancer, and lung cancer
^cRegular physical activity was defined as regular exercise within the recent six months
^dCurrent smoker was defined as an adult who has smoked 100 cigarettes in his or her lifetime and who currently smokes cigarettes; former smoker was defined as an adult who has smoked at least 100 cigarettes in his or her lifetime but who had quit smoking at the time of interview; while non-smoker was defined as an adult who has never smoked, or who has smoked less than 100 cigarettes in his or her lifetime
^eCurrent drinker was defined as at least 12 drinks in the past year; former drinker was defined as at least 12 drinks in any one year in lifetime but no drinks in past year; while non-drinker was defined as fewer than 12 drinks in lifetime
^fClose contact with a confirmed or suspected case of COVID-19 without taking precautions
^gBeen to a company meeting or a family dinner in the last two weeks
^hIncluding fever, cough, runny nose, sore throat, shortness of breath, fatigue, nasal congestion, headache, vomiting and diarrhea
^*p < .05
^**p < .001

ISSN: 1471-2458