Fig. 1

Sampling in Madagascar and prevalence by ecological region. Regions as described by predominant vegetation type, their corresponding administrative region (district or faritra), sample size, n, and the months of sampling (see Supplementary Table 1 for precise dates of sampling and commune names). The map shown is the approximate locations of study sites on the estimated remaining forested areas of Madagascar as of 2014 in green [7, 20], with names of select protected areas adjacent to study communities indicated (see Supplementary Table 1 for full names and distance from study communities to forest edge). To the right, prevalence of malaria infection by rapid diagnostic test (RDT) is shown. Communities are ordered by prevalence within a region. The number of individuals sampled per site ranged from 107 to 284 and the number of individuals positive for malaria ranged from 0 to 127