Table 2 Prevalence and characteristics of tobacco consumption per site and per gender
Agincourt | Digkale | Nairobi | Nanoro | Navrongo | Soweto | All men | All women | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men (573) | Women (892) | p-value | Men (355) | Women (810) | p-value | Men (886) | Women (1056) | p-value | Men (1045) | Women (1039) | p-value | Men (923) | Women (1091) | p-value | Men (1025) | Women (1005) | p-value | N = 4807 | N = 5893 | p-value | |
Smoking status | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||||||||||
Never Smoked | 291 (50.96%) | 882 (98.88%) | 54 (15.21%) | 756 (93.33%) | 418 (47.33%) | 975 (92.33%) | 779 (74.69%) | 1033 (99.81%) | 332 (35.97%) | 1052 (96.6%) | 311 (30.40%) | 897 (89.97%) | 2185 (45.52%) | 5595 (95.17%) | |||||||
Current smoker | 155 (27.15%) | 3 (0.34%) | 224 (63.38%) | 25 (03.09%) | 208 (23.50%) | 27 (02.56%) | 142 (13.61%) | 0 (0.00%) | 388 (42.04%) | 21 (01.93%) | 540 (52.79%) | 49 (4.91%) | 1658 (34.54%) | 125 (02.13%) | |||||||
Former smoke | 125 (21.89%) | 7 (0.78%) | 76 (21.41%) | 29 (03.58%) | 259 (29.27%) | 54 (05.11%) | 122 (11.70%) | 2 (0.19%) | 203 (21.99%) | 16 (01.47%) | 172 (16.81%) | 51 (5.12%) | 957 (19.94%) | 159 (02.70%) | |||||||
Age started smoking | 20 (17–27) | 23 (20–30) | 0.4103 | 19 (16–23) | 19 (16–22) | 0.7572 | 19 (16–22) | 20 (17–23) | 0.1457 | 20 (18–25) | 24.5 (21–28) | 0.3333 | 20 (20–25) | 20 (18–30) | 0.8061 | NA | NA | 20 (17–25) | 20 (17–24) | 0.3125 | |
Type of smoked tobacco Use | |||||||||||||||||||||
Cigarettes (Yes) | NA | NA | – | 118 (33.15%) | 14 (01.73%) | < 0.001 | 208 (23.48%) | 25 (02.37%) | < 0.001 | 140 (13.40%) | 0 (0.00%) | < 0.001 | 262 (28.39%) | 12 (01.10%) | < 0.001 | 535 (52.20%) | 49 (04.87%) | < 0.001 | 1263 (26.27%) | 100 (01.70%) | < 0.001 |
Pipe (Yes) | NA | NA | – | 39 (10.96%) | 5 (0.62%) | < 0.001 | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (0.09%) | 0.360 | 1 (0.10%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0.321 | 5 (0.54%) | 1 (0.09%) | 0.034 | 3 (0.29%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0.086 | 48 (01.00%) | 7 (0.12%) | < 0.001 |
Hand rolled (Yes) | NA | NA | 77 (21.63%) | 6 (0.74%) | < 0.001 | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (0.09%) | 0.360 | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 164 (17.77%) | 11 (1.01%) | < 0.001 | NA | NA | 241 (05.01%) | 18 (0.31%) | < 0.001 | |||
Cigars (Yes) | NA | NA | – | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 2 (0.22%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0.124 | NA | NA | 2 (0.04%) | 0 (0.00%) | |||||
Frequency of smoked tobacco use | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||||||||||||
Current Non-smokers | 131 (36.8%) | 786 (96.92%) | 678 (76.52%) | 1029 (97.44%) | 903 (86.41%) | 1039 (100%) | 535 (57.96%) | 1070 (98.08%) | NA | NA | 2665 (70.45%) | 4813 (98.45%) | |||||||||
Daily smokers | NA | NA | 194 (54.49%) | 20 (02.47%) | 182 (20.54%) | 21 (01.99%) | 126 (12.06%) | 0 (0.00%) | 343 (37.16%) | 18 (01.65%) | NA | NA | 845 (22.34%) | 59 (01.21%) | |||||||
5–6 days per week | NA | NA | 3 (0.84%) | 0 (0.00%) | 2 (0.23%) | 0 (0.00%) | 7 (0.67%) | 0 (0.00%) | 17 (01.84%) | 0 (0.00%) | NA | NA | 29 (0.77%) | 0 (0.00%) | |||||||
1–4 days per week | NA | NA | 23 (06.46%) | 4 (0.49%) | 21 (02.37%) | 6 (0.57%) | 6 (0.57%) | 0 (0.00%) | 17 (01.84%) | 0 (0.00%) | NA | NA | 67 (01.77%) | 10 (0.20%) | |||||||
1–3 days per month | NA | NA | 4 (1.12%) | 1 (0.12%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 2 (0.19%) | 0 (0.00%) | 3 (0.33%) | 1 (0.09%) | NA | NA | 9 (0.24%) | 2 (0.04%) | |||||||
Less than once per month | NA | NA | 1 (0.28%) | 0 (0.00%) | 3 (0.34%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | NA | NA | 4 (0.11%) | 0 (0.00%) | |||||||
Smokeless tobacco status (Yes) | 13 (02.27%) | 51 (05.72%) | 0.002 | 32 (08.99%) | 337 (41.55%) | < 0.001 | 48 (05.42%) | 20 (01.89%) | < 0.001 | 67 (06.41%) | 326 (31.38%) | < 0.001 | 95 (10.29%) | 114 (10.45%) | 0.735 | NA | NA | 255 (05.30%) | 848 (14.39%) | < 0.001 | |
Type of smokeless tobacco Use | |||||||||||||||||||||
Snuff (Yes) | 4 (0.70%) | 31 (03.48%) | 0.002 | 18 (05.06%) | 253 (31.20%) | < 0.001 | 35 (03.95%) | 16 (01.52%) | < 0.001 | 3 (0.29%) | 4 (0.38%) | < 0.001 | 30 (03.25%) | 12 (01.10%) | 0.002 | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | – | 90 (01.87%) | 316 (05.36%) | < 0.001 |
Chewing tobacco use (Yes) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | – | 0 (0.00%) | 12 (01.48%) | < 0.001 | 4 (0.45%) | 4 (0.38%) | < 0.001 | 64 (06.12%) | 307 (29.55%) | < 0.001 | 58 (06.28%) | 93 (08.52%) | < 0.001 | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | – | 126 (02.62%) | 416 (07.06%) | < 0.001 |